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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| State societies have a centralized political organization, class, stratification, and the elite use coercive force to maintain their position |
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Definition
| the idea of people living in a densely packed area |
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Definition
Centralized accumulation of wealth
Writing or record keeping
Monumental architecture
State religion |
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Definition
Yucatan peninsula
Tropical rain forest
Three major periods |
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Definition
Scattered slash and burn agriculture
By 400 BC |
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Definition
Localized in the Peten
Few resources
Calendar
Cities with house mounds and administration centers |
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| Early-Classic 100 - 600 AD |
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Definition
Slash and burn agriculture
Writing
Pyramids with temples - Tikal
Circulating elites |
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Term
| Late-Classic 700 - 800 AD |
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Definition
Intensification of agriculture
Ridged fields
Root crops
Population growth
Palaces
Palenque - Mexico
War - Myth of peaceful Maya |
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Term
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Definition
Population shifts to coast
More but smaller cities
Pyramids small
Wood and stucco
Sea borne trade
Spanish conquest in 1500 |
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Term
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Definition
Buildings massive with great differences
Elaborate elite burials
Elites lived longer, were bigger and had a better diet
Only elite had obsidian and polished stone |
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Term
| Post-Classic Stratification |
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Definition
Buildings more modest with less difference
LIttle difference between elite and commoner burials
Elite and commoner life-span and health similar
Wide spread access to obsidian and polished stone |
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Term
| Problems with Western Civ |
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Definition
Relatively late development
Construct a heritage - Egypt and Mesopotamia
Bible - 10 Commandments
Dismiss rest at
Not civilized
Orientalism |
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Term
| Royal Tombs are cool because: |
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Definition
They contain the most beautiful objects of antiquity
They are the most visible and lasting monuments of antiquity
They are personal - linked to the life of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
They are blatant examples of human exploitation and suffering
THey are the source of some of the most beautiful art in human history |
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Term
| Human exploitation and suffering |
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Definition
In some cases people died in funeral rites
1000’s toiled to build and stock tombs
For ever king, 1000’s lived a mean existence of hard work |
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Term
| What is the paradox of royal burials? |
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Definition
| That they are extremely valuable and beautiful but come at a cost |
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Term
| Why do we as modern observers tend to identify with the buried royalty? |
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Definition
| Because we are linked to the items in the tombs through human culture |
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Term
| When do royal tombs occur and give two examples |
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Definition
Massive royal tombs do not occur at the peak or end of civilizations but at their beginning
The death pits of Ur
The tomb of Chin Shh Huang Ti |
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Term
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Definition
Excavated 1922-1934 by Leonard Woolley
Sumer = southernmost Mesopotamia
14 warring city states
Ur covers 148 acres, 10000 to 20000
Theocratic state based on irrigation ag
Common graves and royal tombs 2500 BC
Only two royal graves not robbed |
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Term
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Definition
United China through war and treachery
Standardized money, finished great wall
Shifted populations, strict legal code
Massive earthen mound with tomb within
Terracotta Army |
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Term
| What is one way each example speak to our humanity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a case of human exploitations from each example? |
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Definition
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Term
| Writing is an important innovation because: |
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Definition
It allows for wider communication
It allows for storage of information
It facilitates learning
It is a mechanism of social control |
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Term
| Different types of writing include (3) |
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Definition
Pictorial systems
Word signs (1, 2, 3, 4, % @)
Phonetic (alphabetic) |
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Term
| Schmandt-Besserat on the Near East |
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Definition
Clay tokens found in early farming villages
Facilitated exchange as counters
Urbanism altered economy - bulli
Symbols pressed in outside of bulli
Tokens not needed, symbols marked on clay tablets |
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Term
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Definition
Emphasizes Egypt as 1st civilization
Egypt as a Black African civilization
Egypt collapses due to foreign conquest
Massive migration throughout Africa
Counters White supremacist view and builds Pan-Africanism |
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Term
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Definition
Unification of 2 kingdoms
Pharaoh as god king no bureaucracy
Pyramids built in 3rd and 4th dynasty
Worship of Re
Trade - Palestine and Africa (Punt and Nubia) |
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Definition
Worship of god Osiris
Rise of priestly power
Start of bureaucracy
Flourishing art and literature
Mud brick pyramids |
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Term
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Definition
Hykos in north and Kush in south
Divisions of Egypt between the two
Both Hykos and Kush rulers become Egyptians |
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Term
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Definition
18th Dynasty re-establishes kingdom
Establishment of empire |
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Term
| Late Period (1070 BC - 30 BC) |
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Definition
Loss of central power
Nubian Pharaohs rule
Series of Conquests?: Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans
Nubian dynasties in Meroe to AD 323
Christian destruction in AD 300’s |
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Term
| Black Nile - Strong thesis (2) |
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Definition
Egypt was not simply black African
Diffusion of ideas very simplistic |
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Term
| Black Nile - Weak Thesis (2) |
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Definition
Egypt part of African heritage
Egypt did have significant influence on Africa |
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Term
| History of the garbage project |
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Definition
1971 Undergrads at U of AZ grab garbage
1972 pilot study, 1973 full scale project
Milwaukee, Sidney, Mexico City, Tucson
Funding from private industry
USDa and EPA
1987 landfill excavations
Stops in 2005 |
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Term
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Definition
Basic unit of consumption = household
Government marking policy
Private industry wants to sell products
Households manage their own resources |
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Term
| Why are household behavior is very hard to study? |
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Definition
People do not always remember what they bought
People may give the answer they think the interviewer wants to hear
People will lie
Intrusive methods modify behavior |
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Term
| Advantages of studying garbage |
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Definition
Whatever comes in must go out
Non-intrusive
Relatively cheap |
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Term
| Methods of garbage collecting |
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Definition
Basic unit = 1 households trash
In a census tract bags randomly selected
Recording: brand name, type, cost, volume and weight
Materials sorted by type and weighted |
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Term
| Limitations of garbage collecting |
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Definition
Info content differs between packaged and loose products
Various things (pets, composts, disposals, alter trash stream)
All problems only lead to under estimation |
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Term
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Definition
Most studies of nutrition over estimate consummations because they cannot control for wasted food
Households waste 7-20% of food
Rich and poor eat similar things but poor waste much less |
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Term
| Solid Waste and recycling |
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Definition
EPA figures on volume are too high
Hazardous waste
Diapers and pet feces
Recycling best encouraged by price |
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Term
| Misconceptions of garbage |
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Definition
Stuff decomposes - wrong
Plastic is biggest category 50%, paper 10% plastic |
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Term
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Definition
Largest ancient city in western hemisphere
Over 12500 population AD 300 to AD 700 |
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Term
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Definition
Recognize the fluidity of identity
Identify and question interests of groups creating identities
Be critical of the use of archaeological knowledge in these creations |
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