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(pg380)
-the firm thinks its political objectives are contingent on its ability to co-opt other groups to its viewpoint. Here the firm is willing to form coalitions that are likely to become the norm. This mode does not require a radical departure from traditional goals and strategies but is more responsive and adaptive to a changing political environment and structure. |
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in American English is a neologism for formal public relations campaigns in politics and advertising which seek to create the impression of being spontaneous "grassroots" behavior, hence the reference to the artificial grass, AstroTurf.
The goal of such a campaign is to disguise the efforts of a political or commercial entity as an independent public reaction to some political entity—a politician, political group, product, service or event. Astroturfers attempt to orchestrate the actions of apparently diverse and geographically distributed individuals, by both overt ("outreach", "awareness", etc.) and covert (disinformation) means. Astroturfing may be undertaken by an individual pushing a personal agenda or highly organized professional groups with financial backing from large corporations, non-profits, or activist organizations. Very often the efforts are conducted by political consultants who also specialize in opposition research. |
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(pg.373)
-"who has the gold rules" |
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| Government and organizations refer to this as funding that is repetitive, not a one time grant or gift. |
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(pg.379)
-formation, formulation, implementation, administration, and modification |
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(pg.366)
-composed of many firms in a given industry or line of buisness. examples include the national automobile dealers association, the national association of home builders, the national association of Realtor, and the tobacco institute. |
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| An umbrella organization is an association of (often related, industry-specific) institutions, who work together formally to coordinate activities or pool resources. In business, political, or other environments, one group, the umbrella organization, provides resources and often an identity to the smaller organizations. Sometimes in this kind of arrangement, the umbrella organization is to some degree responsible for the groups under its care. Compare to franchises and subsidiaries. |
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