Term
| Dogs sent for training to the Animal Speech School, near Hanover, included an Airedale terrier called Rolf who, it was claimed, was able to spell by tapping his paw on a board; each letter of the alphabet was represented by a certain number of taps. Rolf was said to have discussed religion, learnt foreign languages, written poetry and once asked a visiting noblewoman: "Can you wag your tail?" |
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Definition
1
SIMON DE BRUXELLES
Nazis bred 'talking' dogs for war effort |
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Term
| "Nazis bred 'talking' dogs for war effort." Australian [National, Australia] 26 May 2011: 9. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 1 May 2012. |
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| The Tier-Sprechschule was set up in the 1930s by a woman called Margarethe Schmitt. "Germany had numerous 'new animal psychologists' who believed dogs were nearly as intelligent as humans, and capable of abstract thinking and communication," Dr Bondeson said. |
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Definition
1
SIMON DE BRUXELLES
Nazis bred 'talking' dogs for war effort |
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Term
| "Nuremberg Trials." West's Encyclopedia of American Law. Ed. Shirelle Phelps and Jeffrey Lehman. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale, 2005. 285-291. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 3 May 2012. |
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Term
| The first trial took place in Nuremberg, Germany, and involved twenty-four top-ranking survivors of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party). The subsequent trials were held throughout Germany and involved approximately two hundred additional defendants, including Nazi physicians who performed vile experiments on human subjects, concentration camp commandants who ordered the extermination of their prisoners, and judges who upheld Nazi practices. |
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Definition
2
West's Encyclopedia of American Law
Nuremberg Trials |
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Term
| The Nuremberg trials were a series of trials held between 1945 and 1949 in which the Allies prosecuted German military leaders, political officials, industrialists, and financiers for crimes they had committed |
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Definition
2
West's Encyclopedia of American Law
Nuremberg Trials |
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Term
| Dr. Ernst Kaltenbrunner was the head of the Reich Central Security Office, the Nazi organization in charge of the Gestapo and the SD (Sicherheitsdienst, Security Service, the German intelligence agency) and was second in command to Himmler at the SS. Kaltenbrunner faced a mountain of evidence demonstrating that he visited a number of concentration camps and had personally witnessed prisoners being gassed and incinerated. |
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Definition
2
West's Encyclopedia of American Law
Nuremberg Trials |
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Term
| One letter signed by Kaltenbrunner authorized the execution of Allied prisoners of war, and another letter authorized the conscription and deportation of foreign laborers. Laborers who were too weak to contribute, Kaltenbrunner wrote, should be executed, regardless of their age or gender. |
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Definition
2
West's Encyclopedia of American Law
Nuremberg Trials |
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Term
| From the first, Dachau was used to incarcerate "enemies of the regime," trade unionists, and political opponents. The Nazis used Dachau as an execution site for the SA Storm Troopers caught in the 1934 purge. Later gypsies, German – and after 1938 Austrian – male homosexuals, and Jehovah's Witnesses were imprisoned there. |
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Definition
3
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Dachau |
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Term
| Blumental, Nachman, and Michael Berenbaum. "Dachau." Encyclopaedia Judaica. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. 2nd ed. Vol. 5. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 375-376. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 3 May 2012. |
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Term
| It was at Dachau that German doctors and scientists first experimented on prisoners. Sigmund Rasher conducted experiments on decompression, high altitude, and freezing, ostensibly to find a way to help German fliers. |
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Definition
3
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Dachau |
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Term
| Of the 200 inmates whom Rasher experimented upon, 4 in 10 died. |
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Definition
3
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Dachau |
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Term
| Dr. Claus Schilling conducted malaria experimentation. Many died as a result of these pseudo-scientific experiments, and those who survived were often maimed for life. |
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Definition
3
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Dachau |
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Term
| Dachau claimed many victims of want and starvation. From time to time there was also a "selection" in which the weak and crippled were sent to the gas chambers in other camps. Gas chambers were built in Dachau in 1942 but were never used. |
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Definition
3
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Dachau |
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Term
| Dachau was used as a transit center. Mentally retarded and physically infirm Germans – whose Aryan status was never questioned – were incarcerated there and sent from there to Hartheim castle, where they were gassed as part of the "euthanasia operation." |
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Definition
3
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Dachau |
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Term
| As American troops approached Dachau on April 29, 1945, they found 30 coal cars filled with bodies, all in an advanced state of decomposition. |
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Definition
3
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Dachau |
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Term
| Berenbaum, Michael. "Nazi Medical Experiments." Encyclopaedia Judaica. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. 2nd ed. Vol. 15. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 43-44. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 3 May 2012. |
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Term
| The Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases was promulgated on July 14, 1933. It led to the sterilization of more than 200,000 Germans and to a great interest on the part of German physicians in sterilization. If successful, sterilization could rid the master race of those within it who were less than masterful and, if perfected, it could have enabled Germany to utilize the populations in the territories it occupied without fearing their reproduction with its consequences for the master race. |
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Definition
4
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Nazi Medical Experiments |
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Term
| Two modes of sterilization were the subject of experimentation: X-rays and injections. |
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Definition
4
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Nazi Medical Experiments |
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Term
| Air force physician Dr. Horst Schumann ran experiments at Auschwitz. Two to three times a week, groups of 30 prisoners–male and female–were brought in to have their testicles or ovaries irradiated with X-rays. Schumann varied the dosage. As a rule, prisoners subjected to these experiments were sent back to work, even though they suffered from serious burns and swelling. The results of sterilization experiments by means of X-ray irradiation proved disappointing. Surgical castration was more dependable and time-efficient. Nevertheless Schumann continued his experiments. |
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Definition
4
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Nazi Medical Experiments |
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Term
| The most infamous experiments at Auschwitz were conducted by Dr. Josef *Mengele , who became the chief physician of Birkenau in 1943. Mengele wanted to "prove" the superiority of the Nordic race. His first experiments were performed on gypsy children supplied to him from the so-called kindergarten. Before long he broadened his interest to twins, dwarfs, and people with abnormalities. The tests he carried out were painful, exhausting, and traumatic for the frightened and hungry children who made up the bulk his subjects. The twins and the crippled people designated as subjects of experiments were photographed, their jaws and teeth were cast in plaster molds, and prints were taken from hands and feet. On Mengele's instructions, an inmate painter made comparative drawings of the shapes of heads, auricles, noses, mouths, hands, and feet of the twins. When the research was completed some subjects were killed by phenol injection and their organs were autopsied and analyzed so that more information could be obtained. Scientifically interesting anatomical specimens were preserved and shipped out to the institute in Berlin-Dahlem for further research. |
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Definition
4
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Nazi Medical Experiments |
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Term
| Civilian physicians Siegfried Rugg and Hans Romberg of the German experimental Institute of Aviation joined Air Force physician Sigmund Rasher in high-altitude experiments carried out to see how long people could withstand the loss of air pressure. Prisoners were put into pressure chambers to replicate what might happen at high altitudes. Some died; many suffered. Presumably, this was meant to ascertain at what altitude Air Force personnel could bail out of an airplane. |
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Definition
4
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Nazi Medical Experiments |
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Term
| Freezing experiments were conducted to find a treatment for hypothermia. Victims were put into tanks of ice water for an hour or more and various methods of warming up their bodies were tried. No painkillers were used. Others were placed in the snow for hours. Physicians also experimented with prisoners who were forced to drink sea water. |
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Definition
4
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Nazi Medical Experiments |
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Term
| Sulfa drugs, only recently discovered, were tested at the Ravensbrueck camp. Elsewhere, prisoners were subjected to gas poisoning to test antidotes. In Ravensbrueck new methods were explored to deal with fractures and war wounds. Prisoners' legs were broken or amputated; transplants were attempted. |
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Definition
4
Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2007
Nazi Medical Experiments |
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Term
| I HAVE ALWAYS FOUND Wernher von Braun's link to NASA via the V-2 weapon unsettling, along with the lack of full disclosure at some exhibition sites about his role as a Nazi scientist. The fact that "more people died building the V-2 rockets than were killed by them," according to National Air and Space Museum curator Michael Neufeld, should not be taken lightly. |
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Definition
5
Smithsonian
Dubious Hero
Wernher von Braun (Nazi Scientist) |
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Term
| "Dubious hero." Smithsonian Oct. 2011: 14. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 3 May 2012. |
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Definition
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Term
| This article makes clear that concentration camp prisoners were used to build the V-2 factory and assemble the rockets, and "at least 10,000 died from illness, beatings or starvation." |
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Definition
5
Smithsonian
Dubious Hero
Wernher von Braun (Nazi Scientist) |
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