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| Exchange of people, diseases, and goods when Columbus discovered natives of the Caribbean. • West to East- tomatoes, corn, potatoes, tobacco • East to West- livestock (horse, cow, goat, and sheep, and pigs) and disease • Small pox and Measles • Between 50 and 90 percent of native populations that came in contact with the Europeans died. • Destroys population; therefore, less resistance. |
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| This was the first permanent English settlement in present-day Virginia. It was founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company dedicated to finding Gold. 101 settlers came to Jamestown, and hardly 30 survived the first winter because of starvation and diseases. They settled in a marsh; none of them were farmers and knew how to live off of the land. |
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| An indentured servant is someone whose journey to America is paid in return for a period of work to be served the servant. Once their work is done, they are set free. |
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| This was an undocumented, though long-lasting, British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to Great Britain. Prime Minister Robert Walpole stated that "If no restrictions were placed on the colonies, they would flourish" .This policy, which lasted from about 1607 to 1763, allowed the enforcement of trade relations laws to be lenient. |
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| Newspaper editor in NYC • 1734-1735- criticizes the governor of New York • At this time, it is illegal to criticize the government • He is arrested and put on trial • His defense was- everything I said on paper was true • Acquitted • Sets a precedent for freedom of the press/speech |
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| Issued October 7, 1763 at the end of the French & Indian War. The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier |
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| A raid of imported tea by Boston colonists dressed as Mohawk Indians who threw millions of dollars worth of tea (today’s standards) into the Boston Harbor as a retaliation of the high taxes of tea (Tea Act). Parliament responded by issuing the Coercive Acts in 1774 which, among other things, closed Boston’s commerce to all trade until the British East India Company was repaid for the damages. |
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| A 48 page pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. It was first published anonymously on January 10, 1776, during the American Revolution. Common Sense, signed "Written by an Englishman", became an immediate success. It’s one of the most best-selling books of all time in American history. It presented the American colonists with an argument for freedom from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided. Paine wrote and reasoned in a style that common people understood; forgoing the philosophy and Latin references used by Enlightenment era writers, Paine structured Common Sense like a sermon and relied on Biblical references to make his case to the people. He connected independence with common dissenting Protestant beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American political identity. |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire |
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| Took place on September 19th and October 7th, 1777. This is considered the turning point of the American Revolution in favor of the colonists. It is also known as the Battle of Freeman’s Farm. |
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| adopted by the United States Congress on May 20, 1785. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation of the inhabitants of the United States. Therefore, the immediate goal of the ordinance was to raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original states acquired at the 1783 (Treaty of Paris) after the end of the Revolutionary War. Over three-fourths of the area of the continental United States ultimately came under the rectangular survey. This was important because it provided easily recognized land descriptions, which in turn contributed enormously to the orderly and largely peaceful occupation of the land. The rectangular survey also provided the units within which economic, political, and social development took place. |
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| Passed in 1787, the Great Compromise (The Connecticut Compromise) defined the legislative bodies that we have today. This decided that we would have both a Senate, equal representation, and a House of Representatives, in which the amount of representatives would be based on population. Edmund Randolph of Virginia suggested this bicameral system |
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| -In the American governing body, our power is split up into three branches: The Executive Branch (President & Vice President), The Judicial Branch (court system), and the Legislative Branch (Senate and House of Representatives). |
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| a series of 85 articles or essays promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution written by Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton |
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| This was a plan suggested by Alexander Hamilton to clear America completely of its debt. B-Bank of the United States-This would be a place where government could store its excesses and could provide loans for new Americans. E-Excise tax- tax on goods produced in America. F- Funding at par- pay off debt entirely. A-Assumption of all state debts. T-Tariff-a tax on foreign manufactured goods. |
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| After the excise tax on whiskey, many people in Southwestern Pennsylvania rebelled against it. It falls apart; George Washington brings 13,000 soldiers to put down the rebellion (Many thought he was being overdramatic). This is the first time the national army is completely utilized |
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Increases the time to live in America to be a citizen from 5 to 14 years
• Makes it harder to become US citizen.
• Most immigrants voted for Democratic Republicans
• President now has the power to deport citizens.
• Sedition act-This makes it a crime to criticize the President, Congress, or any act of congress.
• Vice president still can be criticized- Thomas Jefferson- Democratic Republican
• Argument was that this was a violation of Constitution and their freedom of speech.
Reaction: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions |
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| Thomas Jefferson acquired a huge amount of land from the MS river extending west from Napoleon Bonaparte in 1803. |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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| the peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States to the interim government of a militarily occupied Mexico City, that ended the Mexican-American War (1846 – 48) on February 2, 1848. With the defeat of its army and the fall of the capital, Mexico surrendered to the United States and entered into negotiations to end the war |
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| After discovering gold in 1848, it took a little while for news of the discovery to get back East. In 1949, many adventurers and pioneers (49er’s) went out to California seeking to get rich off gold |
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| an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. Prior to the agreement, the House of Representatives had refused to accept this compromise and a conference committee was appointed. |
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| a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, a job that otherwise must be performed painstakingly by hand. The fibers are processed into cotton goods, and the seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to produce cottonseed oil; if they are badly damaged, they are disposed of. The first modern mechanical cotton gin was created by American inventor Eli Whitney in 1793 and patented in 1794 |
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| an event spanning from December 15, 1814–January 4, 1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed. The end of the war — with a return to the status quo ante bellum— disgraced the Federalist Party, which disbanded in most places |
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| A military conflict fought between the forces of the United States of America and those of the British Empire. The Americans declared war in 1812 for several reasons, including trade restrictions because of Britain's ongoing war with France, impressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, and over national honour after humiliations on the high seas |
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a slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia during August 1831. Led by Nat Turner, rebel slaves killed anywhere from 55–65 white people, the highest number of fatalities caused by slave uprisings in the South. The rebellion was put down within a few days, but Turner survived in hiding for over two months afterward.
In the aftermath, there was widespread fear, and white militias organized in retaliation against slaves. The state executed 56 slaves accused of being part of the rebellion. In the frenzy, many innocent enslaved people were punished. At least 100 blacks, and possibly up to 200, were killed by militias and mobs. Across the South, state legislatures passed new laws prohibiting education of slaves and free blacks, restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for free blacks, and requiring white ministers to be present at black worship services |
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| a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. Garrison was also a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement |
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| a package of five bills, passed in September 1850, which defused a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). The compromise, drafted by Whig Henry Clay and brokered by Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas, avoided secession or civil war and reduced sectional conflict for four years. |
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Definition
| created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new lands for settlement, and had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing settlers in those territories to determine through Popular Sovereignty if they would allow slavery within each territory. The act was designed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. The initial purpose of the Kansas–Nebraska Act was to open up many thousands of new farms and make feasible a Mideastern Transcontinental Railroad. |
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| 1857-a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that people of African descent brought into the United States and held as slaves (or their descendants, whether or not they were slaves) were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens. Despite the fact that the decision is no longer "jurisprudentially important," it nevertheless had, and continues to have, lasting cultural and historical ramification/implications |
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| a quadrennial election, held on November 6, 1860, for the office of President of the United States and the immediate impetus for the outbreak of the American Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout the 1850s on questions surrounding the expansion of slavery and the rights of slave owners. In 1860, these issues finally came to a head. As a result of conflicting regional interests, the Democratic Party broke into Northern and Southern factions, and a new Constitutional Union Party appeared. In the face of a divided and dispirited opposition, the Republican Party, dominant in the North, secured enough electoral votes to put Abraham Lincoln in the White House with very little support from the South. Within a few months of the election, seven Southern states, led by South Carolina, responded with declarations of secession, which was rejected as illegal by outgoing President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln. Four additional Southern states seceded after the Battle of Fort Sumter |
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| Lincoln was sending supplies to Fort Sumter which was seen as a threat to the Confederacy. The south fired canons at the fort for hours. After 34 hours of non-lethal firing the fort surrendered. |
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Term
| Emancipation Proclamation |
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Definition
| Lincoln announced on January 1st, 1863 that the slaves in the seceded states were free. He did not include the border states so that they would not seceed. Many slaves heard about this then left their plantations. |
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Term
| "malice towards non, charity for all" |
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Definition
| On March 4th, 1865, Lincoln stated this in his Second Inaugural Address. He wanted to help everyone and preserve the Union, with no hard feelings towards anyone. Quit being enemies with each other. |
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| Set up by General Oliver O. Howard in 1865 to train blacks. It taught over 200,000 blacks to read. It ended in 1872 because of all the criticism from the whites. |
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| President 1865. From poor beginnings. Basically followed Lincoln's same plan. His plan for reconstruction: 1. Some confederates disfranchised. 2.Confederate debt removed. 3. 13th Amendment must be ratified by every state. |
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| Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction |
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Definition
| In battles between the president and Congress, the president prevailed until the election of 1866, which enabled the Radical Republicans to take control of policy, remove from power the ex-Confederates, and enfranchise the Freedmen (freed slaves). A Republican coalition came to power in the southern states and set out to radically transform the society, with support from the Army and the Freedman's Bureau. Conservative white Democrats, alleging widespread corruption, counterattacked and regained power in each state by 1877, often with violence. The Freedmen became second class citizens, while most Southern whites became embittered toward the North and formed a Democratic "Solid South." |
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Term
| Military Reconstruction Act |
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Definition
| The U.S. Congress, under the control of the Radical Republicans, passed the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 on March 7, in spite of President Johnson's veto. This act sought to rebuild the governments of the southern states using the governments of the northern states as examples. It was also implemented to ensure that the civil rights of the free blacks in the South by requiring the states in the South to include the rights of free blacks in their constitutions. The Military Reconstruction Act divided the South into five military districts. Virginia became the first district, North Carolina and South Carolina the second district, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida the third district, Mississippi and Arkansas the fourth district, and Louisiana and Texas the fifth district. These territories were placed under the military control of the United States. |
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Term
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Definition
“Invisible Empire of the South" in
Tennessee in 1866—an organization that scared Blacks into not
voting or not seeking jobs. If fear did not work they used violence. |
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Definition
| Gave blacks the right to vote. The right to vote could not be affected by color, race, or previous conditions of servitude. |
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Term
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Definition
| After discovering gold in 1848, it took a little while for news of the discovery to get back East. In 1949, many adventurers and pioneers (49er’s) went out to California seeking to get rich off gold |
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Term
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Definition
| This statement, issued as a sermon from John Winthrop as they crossed the Atlantic Ocean on the Mayflower, basically said that as the first colonists, they should be a role model and set an example for all future settlers in America |
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Definition
Puritans buy the land from the natives; He thought this wasn’t fair.
• He argued for separation of church and state
• Forms Rhode Island |
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| a period of religious revival in American religious history led by ministers such as Johnathan Edwards and George Whitefield. |
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| signed on 10 February 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. The Treaty was made possible by the British victory over France and Spain, and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe |
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Definition
| a meeting on October 19, 1765 in New York City of representatives from some of the British colonies of North America. They discussed and acted upon the Stamp Act recently passed by the governing Parliament of Great Britain overseas, which did not include any representatives from the colonies. Meeting in the building that would become Federal Hall in New York City, the Congress consisted of delegates from nine of the 19 British colonies in North America; all nine were from the Thirteen Colonies that eventually formed the United States of America. |
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Term
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| (Coercive Acts of 1774) were issued in response to the Boston Tea Party by British Parliament. The port of Boston was closed down to all commerce; a deadly thing for the American economy. They hoped this would reverse colonial resistance. The acts included the Quebec Act, which extended the land claim of Quebec for the British for French Catholics. |
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| “The shot heard ‘round the world”. This is the first “battle” of the American Revolution. fought on April 19, 1775, in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge, near Boston. The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in the mainland of British North America. |
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Definition
| a defensive alliance between France and the United States of America, formed in the midst of the American Revolutionary War, which promised military support in case of attack by British forces indefinitely into the future. Delegates of King Louis XVI of France and the Second Continental Congress, who represented the United States government at this time, signed the treaty along with The Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce at the Hôtel de Crillon in Paris on February 6, 1778. |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
| an agreement among the 13 founding states that legally established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution. Its drafting by the Continental Congress began in mid 1776 and an approved version was sent to the states for ratification in late 1777. The formal ratification by all 13 states was completed in early 1781. Even if not yet ratified, the Articles provided domestic and international legitimacy for the Continental Congress to direct the American Revolutionary War, conduct diplomacy with Europe and deal with territorial issues and Indian relations. |
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Term
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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Definition
| an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States, passed July 13, 1787. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River |
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Term
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| 3/5 Compromise- a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the enumerated population of slaves would be counted for representation purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. It was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman |
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Definition
| a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the Constitution of 1787. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, Anti-Federalists worried, among other things, that the position of president, then a novelty, might evolve into a monarchy. A book titled "The Anti-Federalist Papers" is a detailed explanation of American Anti-Federalist thought. |
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Definition
| In order for the constitution to be passed, Anti-Federalists determined a “Bill of Rights”-a list of unalienable rights that each American would have. These are the first ten amendments to the US constitution. They include freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, and many other rights. |
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Definition
| a formal announcement issued by United States President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war. The Proclamation led to the Neutrality Act of 1794 |
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Term
| "unity at home, neutrality abroad" |
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Definition
| In George Washington’s farewell address, he said this. He suggested to America not to form any political divisions (unity at home) and not to get mixed up in any fights that didn’t involve us (neutrality abroad) |
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Term
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions |
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Definition
| political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. The Resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional any acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution. In doing so, they argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 were written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively. |
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Definition
| Took place on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase. The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24, 1814 and ratified by the United States Senate on February 16, 1815. However, official dispatches announcing the peace would not reach the combatants until late February, finally putting an end to the war. The battle is widely regarded as the greatest American land victory of the war |
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Term
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Definition
| the 19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent. It was used by Democrat-Republicans in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico; the concept was denounced by Whigs, and fell into disuse after the mid-19th century. |
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| Designed by Robert Mccormick in Walnut Grove, Virginia. However, Robert became frustrated when he was unable to perfect his new device. His son Cyrus asked for permission to try and complete his father’s project. With permission granted, the McCormick Reaper was patented by his son Cyrus McCormick in 1834 as a horse-drawn farm implement to cut small grain crops. This McCormick reaper machine had several special elements:a main wheel frame, projected to the side a platform containing a cutter bar having fingers through which reciprocated a knife driven by a crank, upon the outer end of the platform was a divider projecting ahead of the platform to separate the grain to be cut from that to be left standing,a reel was positioned above the platform to hold the grain against the reciprocating knife to throw it back upon the platform, the machine was drawn by a team walking at the side of the grain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eli Whitney saw the potential benefit of developing "interchangeable parts" for the firearms of the United States military. In July 1801 he built ten guns, all containing the same exact parts and mechanisms, then disassembled them before the United States Congress |
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Term
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Definition
| a period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated. It lasted approximately from 1815 to 1825, during the administration of U.S. President James Monroe, who deliberately downplayed partisanship. The phrase was coined by Benjamin Russell, in the Boston newspaper, Columbian Centinel, on July 12, 1817, following Monroe's good-will visit to Boston. It has been widely adopted by historians |
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Term
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Definition
| a slogan used by southerners (1860–61) to support secession from the United States by arguing cotton exports would make an independent Confederacy economically prosperous, and—more important—would force Great Britain and France to support the Confederacy because their industrial economy depended on textiles derived from cotton. The slogan was successful in mobilizing support: by February 1861, the seven states that produced large amounts of cotton had all seceded, but the other eight slave states had not. To implement the diplomatic strategy, the southerners refused to sell or ship out their cotton in early 1861; but by summer, the Union blockade shut down over 95% of exports. |
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Term
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Definition
| policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention. The Doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved independence from the Spanish Empire (except Peru and Bolivia, which became independent in 1825, and Cuba and Puerto Rico). The United States, working in agreement with Britain, wanted to guarantee no European power would move in. |
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Term
| American Colonization Society |
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Definition
| founded in 1816, was the primary vehicle to support the "return" of free African Americans to what was considered greater freedom in Africa. It helped to found the colony of Liberia in 1821–22 as a place for freedmen. Its founders were Henry Clay, John Randolph, and Richard Bland Lee. |
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Definition
| In the new territories becoming states, the issue of whether slavery would be allowed or not was debated. In the end, popular sovereignty was decided-which means people of that territory will vote on the issue |
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Term
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Definition
| passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a 'slave power conspiracy'. It declared that all runaway slaves be brought back to their masters. Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Law" for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of violent events, involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri roughly between 1854 and 1858. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free state or slave state. As such, Bleeding Kansas was a proxy war between Northerners and Southerners over the issue of slavery in the United States |
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Term
| Jonn Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry |
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Definition
| an attempt by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859. Brown's raid was defeated by a detachment of U.S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in his formative years as an abolitionist in Springfield, Massachusetts, to join him when he attacked the armory, but illness prevented Tubman from joining him, and Douglass believed that his plan would fail and thus did not join |
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Term
| Confederate States of America |
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Definition
| a government set up from 1861 to 1865 by 11 Southern slave states of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S. Secessionists argued that the United States Constitution was a compact among states which each state could abandon without consultation, each state having a right to secede. The U.S. government (The Union) rejected secession as illegal. Waiting until after its army was fired upon on April 12–13, 1861 at the Battle of Fort Sumter, the U.S. used military action to defeat the Confederacy. No foreign nation officially recognized the Confederate States of America as an independent country, but they did allow their citizens to do business with the Confederacy, and Britain built hundreds of small fast ships called "blockade runners" to evade the Union naval blockade |
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Term
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Definition
| Create an oceanic blockade for the South. Free the slaves. Get control of the MS river. Destroy the major cities of Georgia and the Carolinas. Capture Richmond, Virginia. |
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Term
| Sherman's March to the Sea |
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Definition
| The march began with capturing and burning the city of Atlanta. The troops left Atlanta and traveled to Savannah, GA and destroyed everything in their path. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. The Union soldiers stopped the Confederates in Antietam as they traveled North. This was another Union win. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Ten Percent Plan stated that 10% of each state's voters had to agree to never fight a war on American again so that the confederate states could be readmitted to the Union. |
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Term
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Definition
| These codes forbade blacks from serving on a jury, owning or leasing land, and being 'idle'(not having a job). While blacks were legally no longer technically slaves they were still treated like slaves. The North felt as if everything they fought for was being undone. |
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Term
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Definition
| This made all blacks citizens and if the state refused then their votes in the electoral college was lowered. Former confederates could not hold federal or state office positions. The confederate debt was erased. States had to ratify this to be accepted back into the union. |
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Term
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Definition
| a nickname for Northerners who moved to the south during the reconstruction period to seek personal power and profit |
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Term
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Definition
| This removed federal troops from Confederate states and put Republican Hayes as the president. It ended the radical reconstruction. This left the blacks in the south without direct northern protection. |
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Term
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
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Definition
| Ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under "equal protection" clause of the 14th Amendment, even though in all reality the black facilities were not nearly as good or as developed as the whites facilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Starting in 1890 literacy tests were given to all those who wanted to vote. Most whites were exempt from taking these tests. This point of the literacy tests were to keep blacks from being able to vote. The south was forced to abandon these tests in the 1960s by the federal government. |
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