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BTHS Geography Chapter 4
BTHS - People and Places
46
Geography
9th Grade
10/02/2009

Additional Geography Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Culture
Definition

The total of knowledge, attitudes, and Behaviors shared by and passed on by the members of a specific group. Culture acts as a bluebrint for how a group of people should behave if they want to fit in with the group.

Culture involves the following:

food & shelter, religion, relationships, language, education, security, political & social organization, and creative expression

Term
Society
Definition
A group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and a culture.
Term
Ethnic Group
Definition
Specific group that shares a language, customs, and a common heritage.
Term
Innovation
Definition
Taking existing technology and resources and creating something new to meet a need.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
the spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior.
Term
Cultural Hearth
Definition

a site of innovation from which basic ideas, materials, and technology diffuse to many cultures.

 

Early river civilizations were cultural hearths.

Term
Acculturation
Definition
When a society changes because it accepts or adopts an innovation - such as wearing jeans instead of traditional garments
Term
Dialect
Definition

Reflects changes in speech patterns related to class, region, or other cultural changes.

 

Consider the speech pattern differences between England and the American south.

Term
Religion
Definition
A belief in a supernatural power or powers that are regarded as the creators and maintainers of the universe.  Religions establish beliefs and values that define how people worship the divine being or divine forces and how they behave toward each other.
Term
Monotheistic
Definition

Belief in one god

 

From the Greek:

Mono - one

Theo - God

Term
Polytheistic
Definition

Belief in many gods

 

From the Greek

Poly = many

Theo = God

Term
Animistic
Definition
Belief in divine forces in nature
Term

Judaism

 

Definition

Oldest of SW Asian religions - Year 5770

Monotheistic

Religious Center:  Jerusalem

Faith & Culture intertwined

Holy book:  Torah

Judaism, Christianity and Islam are sometimes referred to as the "Abrahamic religions" because of the progenitor role Abraham plays in their holy books

Term
Christianity
Definition

Oldest of SW Asian religions - Year 5770

Monotheistic

Based on teachings of Jesus Christ

"Holy Cities" Jerusalem, Rome, Constantinople

Holy book:  Bible

Judaism, Christianity and Islam are sometimes referred to as the "Abrahamic religions" because of the progenitor role Abraham plays in their holy books

Largest number of followers 2 Billion

Term
Islam
Definition

Oldest of SW Asian religions - Year 5770

Monotheistic

Religious Center:  Mecca

Faith & Culture intertwined

Holy book:  Qur'an

Founded: 613 AD

Judaism, Christianity and Islam are sometimes referred to as the "Abrahamic religions" because of the progenitor role Abraham plays in their holy

 books

Fastest growing religion.

Sunni & Shiite factions

Term
Hinduism
Definition

Approx 5,000 years old

Polytheistic - divine spirit is Brahman

Caste system / Reincarnation

Concentrated in India

Term
Buddhism
Definition

563 BC

Founder: Siddhartha Gautama -

the Buddah / Enlightened one

Peaceful religion

Rejects Caste System

Ultimate enlightenment is Nirvana

Term
Birthrate
Definition
Number of live births per thousand population
Term
Fertility rate
Definition
Average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime
Term
Mortality rate
Definition
number of deaths per thousand people
Term
Infant Mortality Rate
Definition
number of deaths among infants under age one per thousand live births.
Term

Rate of Natural Increase /

Population Growth rate

Definition

Subtract the mortality rate from the birthrate

Alternately stated:

 

Rate of natural increase =

Birthrate - Mortality rate

Term
Population Pyramid
Definition
A graphic representation that shows sex and age distribution of a population
Term
Push / Pull Factors
Definition

Push factors are those that cause people to leave their homeland and migrate to another region.

 

 

Pull factors draw or attract peopole to another location.

Term
Population Density
Definition
Average number of people that live in a measurable area, such as a square mile.
Term
Carrying Capacity
Definition
Number of organisms (people) a piece of land can support.
Term

State (aka Country)

 

Definition
an independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of its internal and external affairs
Term
Nation
Definition

a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity

 

It is possible for a nation not to have a territory, called a stateless nation, such as the Palestinians, Kurds, and Basques.

 

 

Term
Nation State
Definition
When a nation and a state occupy the same territory, that territory is called a nation-state.
Term
Democracy
Definition

Citizens hold political power, either directly or through elected representatives.

 

the free and equal right of every person to participate in a system of government, often practiced by electing representatives of the people by the majority of the people

Term
republic
Definition

A form of government with a non-hereditary leader.

 

For Plato, this would consist of an aristocracy run by a class of legislators groomed for leadership by a state education system, who would manage the government for the good of the people - not for personal gain.

Term
Monarchy
Definition

A ruling family, headed by a king or queen that hold political power and may or may not share the power with citizen bodies

 

Examples:United Kingdom (England) shared

Saudi Arabia (not shared)

Term
Dictatorship
Definition

An individual or group that holds complete political power.

 

Examples: North Korea

Hitler, Stalin

Term
Communism
Definition
Government in which nearly all political power,  the economic system and the means of productionand distribution are held by the government in the name of all the people
Term
Landlocked
Definition

A country or area, surrounded by other land and with no direct outlet to the sea. 

 

Bolivia is an example.

Kansas is also landlocked but enjoys the benefit of being within the United States.

Term
Metropolitan Area
Definition
Metropolitan Area = City + Suburbs
Term
Urbanization
Definition

The trend to liv in the cities vs. a rural area.

 

Since the 1920s, more Americans have lived in cities than in the country.

 

Prior to 1920, more people lived on farms (rural areas) than in the cities.

Term
Economy
Definition
Production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people.
Term
Traditional Economy
Definition
Goods & Services are traded without exchanging money.  Also called barter.
Term
Command Economy
Definition
Production of goods and services is determined by a central government which usually owns the means of production.  Production does not necessarily reflect the consumer demand.  AKA Planned economy.
Term
Market Economy
Definition
Productionof goods and services is determined by the demand from consumers.  Also called a demand economy or capitalism.
Term
Mixed Economy
Definition
A combination of command and market economies provides goods and services so that all people will benefit.
Term
Primary Activities
Definition
Gathering raw materials to use in the making of a final product.  (Timber, Coal, etc.)
Term
Secondary Activities
Definition
Involve adding value to materials... manufacturing
Term
Tertiary Activities
Definition

Involve providing business or professional services.

 

Teachers, doctors, sales

Term
Quaternary Activities
Definition
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