Term
| What three processes are required to completely oxidize glucose? |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC |
|
|
Term
| What happens to pyruvate before it enters the kreb cycle? |
|
Definition
| It must be converted to acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs are formed from each molecule of NADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs are formed from each molecule of FADH2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs will you get from the complete oxidation of glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is acetyl CoA formed? |
|
Definition
Pyruvate is oxidized (electrons are stripped off and NAD picks up those electrons forming NADH).
It is then decarboxylated- CO2 comes off- end up with a 2 carbon molecule.
Add a functional group called coenzyme A. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the kreb cycle take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the kreb cycle anaerobic or aerobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs do you get from aerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the waste product of kreb cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dominant energy source in skeletal muscle at rest and during prolonged low intensity activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many total ATPs do you get from glycolysis? |
|
Definition
7
2 ATP directly
5 ATP indirectly from NADH (2.5x2=5) |
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs do you get from converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA? |
|
Definition
5
2 pyruvates= 2 NADH x 2.5 ATP= 5 ATP |
|
|
Term
| What's the reaction of pyruvate to acetyl CoA? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA -> Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 5 coenzymes does pyruvate dehydrogenase require to function? |
|
Definition
| TPP, FAD, CoA, NAD, and Lipoate |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates kreb cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits kreb cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of protein complexes that generate ATP |
|
|
Term
| How many complexes are in the ETC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which complex generates ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the ETC synthesize ATP? |
|
Definition
| As electrons pass through their appropriate complex, protons are pumped into the intermembrane space. This proton pumping creates a proton gradient. By diffusion, the protons move back down their gradient into complex 5 (ATP Synthase). 4 protons= 1 ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the name of complex 4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the complexes located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What path does NADH take to drop off its pair of electrons? |
|
Definition
| Complex 1 - CoQ- Complex 3- Cyt C- Complex 4- molecular oxygen |
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs, FADH2, and NADH are formed from kreb cycle for each molecule of pyruvate? |
|
Definition
1 ATP, 4 NADH, 1 FADH2
Remember, if you don't take into consideration the NADH being formed when pyruvate goes to acetyl CoA, you get 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 from krebs cycle. |
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs (directly and indirectly) do you get from krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
20 if you don't take into consideration NADH being formed from the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. Also, this is for two molecules of acetyl CoA that enters into the kreb cycle.
If you take into consideration that 2 NADH is formed from 2 Pyruvates when they are converted to Acetyl CoA before entering krebs cycle, you'll will have 25 ATP formed. |
|
|
Term
| True or false. Complex 5 is never involved in electron transfer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where and how many protons are pumped when NADH drops off its electrons? |
|
Definition
Complex 1 pumps 4 H+
Complex 3 pumps 4 H+
Complex 4 pumps 2 H+ |
|
|
Term
| How many protons does NADH pump during the ETC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many protons does it take to make an ATP molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs are formed from NADH and FADH2? |
|
Definition
NADH makes 2.5 ATPs per molecule
FADH2 makes 1.5 ATPs per molecule |
|
|
Term
| What path does FADH2 take through the ETC? |
|
Definition
| Complex 2- CoQ- Complex 3- Cyt C- Complex 4- Molecular Oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Where and how many protons are pumped when FADH2 drops off its electrons through the ETC? |
|
Definition
Complex 3= 4 H+
Complex 4= 2 H+ |
|
|
Term
| How many protons are pumped as FADH2 passes elctrons through the ETC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs are made from FADH2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of the oxygen we breathe is used in the ETC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if there was no oxygen in the ETC? |
|
Definition
| It would get backed up because electrons would not be able to get passed along to the different complexes. |
|
|
Term
| Regarding ATP Synthase (Complex 5), how does it provide the energy to make ATP? |
|
Definition
| As protons flow through the ATP Synthase, it causes the rotor part (F subunit) to rotate causing a conformational change in the F1 subunit. The conformational change drives the reaction to form ATP. Mechanical energy causing the rotation is captured and turned into chemical energy. This energy is stored as ATP. |
|
|
Term
| How do you get 30 vs 32 ATPs? |
|
Definition
| Depends on the shuttle system that transports NADH into the mitochondria. |
|
|
Term
| What shuttle allows NADH in the cytosol to pass electrons to FAD in the mitochondria making FADH2? |
|
Definition
| Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle |
|
|
Term
| What shuttle allows NADH in the cytosol to pass electrons to NAD in the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F. Complex I can only accept electrons from NADH that's in the matrix. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells use malate-aspartate shuttle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells use the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle? |
|
Definition
| Skeletal muscle and brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the storage form of glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is glycogen primarily stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of storing glucose as glycogen/making glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the breaking down of glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cell can form glycogen back into glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can't muscle cells convert glycogen back to glucose? |
|
Definition
| Because muscle cells do not have the phosphatase enzyme |
|
|
Term
| What happens to glycogen in the muscle cell during glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
| It's converted back to glucose 6-phosphate and enters the glycolytic pathway. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to glycogen in liver cells during glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
| Liver cleaves off phosphate group with glucose 6-phosphatase, which is used to reform glucose then the glucose is dumped into the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell is considered "selfish"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood glucose is the primary fuel source for what organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme in the muscle cell phosphorylates the glucose trapping it in the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme in the liver cell phosphorylates the glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycogen is basically a bunch of glucose molecules attached to a glycogen tree. What enzyme catalyzes the reaction of glycogen synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is reverse glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does gluconeogenesis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What process uses noncarbohydrate sources to form glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What noncarbohydrate sources form glucose? |
|
Definition
| Certain amino acids, lactic acid, glycerol, ketone bodies, krebs cycle intermediates |
|
|
Term
| Lactic acid and certain amino acids can be converted into what, which is then converted into glucose via "reverse" glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycerol can be converted into what, which then can be converted into glucose via gluconeogensis. |
|
Definition
| Glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What happens when epinephrine gets released in the muscle cell? |
|
Definition
| We need to break down glycogen to provide energy. Epi combines with a G-protein to activate Adenyl Cylase, activating cAMP which then activates PKA. This stops glycogenesis and activates glycogenolysis. |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes does PKA phosphorylate when Epi is released? |
|
Definition
| Glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase |
|
|
Term
| What does PKA do to glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase when epi is released? |
|
Definition
| Turns on glycogen phosphorylase and turns off glycogen synthase |
|
|
Term
| In liver cells, what happens when epi is released? |
|
Definition
| Glucose 1-phosphate gets converted to glucose 6-phosphate and the phosphate is cleaved off and the glucose gets dumped into the blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme for glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates glycogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits glycogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
