Term
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Definition
| Nuclear Envelope, Endosymbiotic Organelles (Chloroplast and Mitochondria), Spliceosomal Introns, Dynamic Cytoskeleton, Sexual Reproduction, Linear Chromosomes |
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Term
| How did the nucleus originate? |
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Definition
| Through the plasma membrane pinching in to form the ER, and the ER membrane forming the nucleus |
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Term
| Use of the nucleus in relation to protein synthesis? |
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Definition
| Translation occurs at a faster rate than splicing, so the nuclear envelope prevents the ribosomes from translating introns before they can be spliced out |
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Term
| Closest bacteria to mitochondria and chloroplast |
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Definition
Mitochondria: alpha-proteobacteria
Chloroplast: Cyanobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA Repair Hypothesis (diploidy and meiosis allowed mutations to be eliminated, crossing over allowes more precise replacements, if diploidy is dominant then deleterious mutations can be tolerated) |
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Term
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Definition
| Paraphyletic )some but not all descendants of common ancestor, including common ancestor) |
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Term
| Order these in terms of evolution: plastid, mitochondrion, nucleus |
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Definition
| nucleus --> mitochondrion --> plastid |
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Term
| Secondary Endosymbiosis of the Chloroplast |
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Definition
A green algal chloroplast was transferred to the ancestor of the euglenids and an ancestor of the chlorarachniophytes.
A red algal chloroplast was transferred to the ancestor of the chromalveolates. |
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Term
| Ecological roles of protists |
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Definition
| Without protists, CO2 levels would be much higher, and the world would be much warmer |
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Term
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Definition
| pseudopods, flagella, cilia |
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Term
| Closest relatives to animals, land plants, and fungi |
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Definition
Animals: Choanoflagellates
Land Plants: Green Algae
Fungi: Unclear, but chytrids |
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Term
| Explain the constraints limiting unicellular organisms from reaching large sizes. |
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Definition
•Anoxia
•Passing things from membrane to nucleus
•Cell can’t get too large |
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Term
| How have multicellular organisms overcome constraints preventing the unicellular organisms from reaching large sizes? |
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Definition
•Branching to overcome inefficient gas exchange
•Getting a skeleton or stay squishy |
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Term
| how do multicellular organisms go through gas exchange and nutrient uptake? |
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Definition
-Branching/villous architecture
-Vasculature
-Specialized carrier cells |
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Term
| Explain the problem relating to increased distance between periphery and nucleus. Include solutions which have been evolved. What have certain fungi evolved to combat this problem? |
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Definition
Problems: Limits on diffusion
Solutions: be multinucleate or multicellular |
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Term
| After a certain point, a cell is unable to scale up internal support structures. How have multicellular organisms evolved to combat this? Provide examples of organism for each method. |
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Definition
-Endoskeleton (humans)
-Exoskeleton (arthropods...cockroaches)
-squishy hydrostatic skeleton (nematodes) |
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Term
| What synapomorphies exist between green algae and land plants? |
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Definition
-Chlorophyll A and B
-Cell wall made of cellulose |
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Term
| When plants invaded land 475 million years ago, they faced 2 major difficulties. Explain each along with associated problems. |
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Definition
•How to get water, retain it, and how to move it
•How to reproduce without water (gamete dispersal) |
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Term
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Definition
-Mosses & Liverworts
-Short, haploid form dominant
-No roots
-Can grow only when damp
-has waxy cuticles, pores, and guard cells |
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Term
| Properties of Seedless Vascular Plants |
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Definition
•ferns
-vascular tissue composed of tracheids
• have true (but limited) roots
• waxy cuticle, stomata (= pore + guard cells)
• tend to live in damp places
• most small, but some huge (e.g. tree ferns |
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Term
| Properties of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms |
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Definition
•trees and flowers
-vascular tissue of tracheids & vessel elements in some groups
• have highly developed roots (can be bigger than shoot)
• waxy cuticle, stomata
• true leaves
• some have wood: mix of tracheids+vessels element in xylem
• can live in very dry or rocky places
• woody species can be freakin’ huge |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyphae for a continuous ring around the root and penetrate outwards toward the soil. They also extend inwards between cells. |
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Term
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Definition
-Arbuscular
-Instead of extending between the cells, the hyphae contact the plasma membranes of the cells |
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Term
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Definition
-only fungi that make motile gametes
-only fungi with alternation of generations
-zygote forms a small diploid mycelium before going meiotic and making spores |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-form yoked hyphae that produce a zygosporangium (a spore-forming structure)
-only a single cell from each hyphae fuses
-has stalked gametes |
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Term
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Definition
• in soil, heterokaryotic mycelia form, produce mushroom (also heterokaryotic)
• in gills, haploid nuclei fuse, go meiotic, make spores
• spores launched as buds from basidium |
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Term
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Definition
• heterokaryotic mycelia form, make spore-producing organ
• haploid nuclei fuse, go meiotic, make exactly 8 spores (4 x 2)
• spores burst forth from ascus (Greek for “skin bag” |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Anus forms first, mouth second |
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Term
| 4 Key Developmental Processes |
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Definition
- Cell Proliferation/Programmed Cell Death
- Cell Movement and Differential Expansion
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell-Cell Interaction |
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Term
| Cell Proliferation/Programmed Cell Death |
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Definition
| Cells divide by mitosis and cytokinesis. The time, location, and amount of cell divison or cell death is regulated. |
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Term
| Types of Programmed Cell Death |
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Definition
-apoptosis- only certain individual cells are removed by phagocytosis
-autophagy- removes entire tissues |
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Term
| Cell Movement/Differential Expansion |
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Definition
-both allow complex forms to develop
-ex. animal gastrulation |
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Term
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Definition
•3 layers in an animal, ecto-, endo-, and mesoderm
-After cleavage, the early embryo is a hollow ball called a blastula
•Individual cells migrate and form the blastocoel, and those cells are the beginning of the mesoderm
•Gut tube (endoderm) begins to form, beginning of the tube will become the but of the organism
•When the gut tube has spread across the entire blastula, the mouth will form at the other end (in deuterostomes) |
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Term
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Definition
-cells and tissues exchange signals that coordinate differentiation
-Ex: somite development in vertebrate embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| mesoderm balls that give rise to different tissues around the spinal cord: skin, muscle, bone |
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Term
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Definition
o Cell differentiation doesn’t change the genetic makeup of cells, but comes from differential gene expression itself
o Evidenced by the cloning of a sheep
o Genomic equivalence- every genome in every cell is equivalent |
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