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| Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendantes of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation. |
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| The scientific study of life. |
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| New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. |
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| An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems. |
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| A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cell (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. |
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| A tentative answer to a well-framed question,narrower in scope than a theory and subject to testing. |
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| Often in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurments. |
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| Generally recorded as measurements. |
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| A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valance electrons. |
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| A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond of another molecule. |
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A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. Weak
+ charge
- charge |
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| A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. |
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| A covalent bond between two atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. |
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The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.
Highest to Lowest
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfer, Carbon, Hydrogen, Phosphorus |
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| Van Der Waals Interaction |
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Definition
| Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations. Only occurs when atoms and molecules are very close together. |
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| The structure of a biological molecule_______________. |
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Definition
| largely determines its function. |
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pH
H Ion Concentration
OH Concentration |
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Definition
A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.
pH declines= H+ goes up
pH increases= OH goes up
pH 10 = H+ 10-10 M/ OH 10-4 M |
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| What are the four main biological molecules? |
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Definition
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
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| A long molecule consiting of repeating units. |
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| Small building-blocks molecules. |
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What are the main functional groups of an amino acid?
Which side chains would be positive/basic and negative/acidic? |
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Definition
[image]
Basic/positive = Amino side chain
Acidic/negative = Carboxyl side chain |
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What general process creates polymers from monomers?
Why is it called this?
This this an energy consuming (endergonic) or energy releasing (exergonic) process? |
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Definition
Dehydration Reaction
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
Endergonic |
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What makes a fatty acid saturated vs unsaturated?
What is the general property of each? |
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Definition
Saturated fatty acid- A fatty acid in whic all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.
Unsaturated fatty acid- A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
Saturated fats are solid at room tempurature. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room tempurature. |
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| QUIZ YOUR SELF ON THE PARTS OF A CELL!!! |
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Definition
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Nuclear envelope
Cell membrane |
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| What is the purpose of the Nucleolus? |
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Definition
| Involved in the production of ribosomes |
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| What is the purpose of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough)? |
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Definition
Smooth ER: Synthesis lipids, metabolize carbohydrates, detoxifies poisons and stores calcium
Rough ER: Has bound ribosomes, which secret glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates), Distributes transport vesicles (proteins surrounded by membranes), and is a membrane factory for cells |
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| What is the purpose of the Golgi Apparatus? |
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Definition
| Modifies products of the ER, Manufactures certain macromolecules, Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles. |
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| What is the purpose of Mitochodria? |
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Definition
| Sites of cellular respiration (a metabolic process that generates ATP) |
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| What is the purpose of Chloroplasts? |
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Definition
| Found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis |
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| What is the purpose of Ribosomes? |
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Definition
| Sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
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| What is the purpose of Lysosomes? |
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Definition
| Digestive orgenelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed |
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| What is the purpose of the Nuclear Envelope? |
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Definition
| Encloses the nucleus , seperating it from the cytoplasm |
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| What is the purpose of the Cell Membrane? |
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Definition
| Encloses the cytoplasm of the cell and filters what goes in and comes out. |
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Definition
| A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it. |
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| What is a glycoprotein used for? |
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Definition
Glycoproteins are secreted by animal cells and are used to form the ECM (extracellular matrix), which functions in support, adhesion, movement and regulation.
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| What is the general nature of anabolic vs catabolic reactions? |
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Definition
| Catabolic and anabolic reactions are metabolic processes. A catabolic reaction is one that breaks down large molecules to produce energy; an example is digestion. An anabolic reaction is one that involves creating large molecules out of smaller molecules; an example is when your body makes fat out of extra nutrients you eat. |
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| What is activation energy? |
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Definition
| THe amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also free energy of activation |
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Definition
| A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
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Definition
| Occurs in the cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate. |
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Term
What is the citric acid cycle?
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Definition
| Takes place in the mitochodrial matrix of eukaryotic cells or simply in the cytosol of prokaryotes, completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing aderivativeof pyruvate to carbon dioxide. |
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| What is oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| The energy released at each step of the chain is stored in a form the mitochondrion can use to make ATP. |
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| What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| Oxygen is a common oxydizing agent. |
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Term
| In Photosynthesis, what do the light reactions and Calvin cycle do? |
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Definition
Light reaction; (in the thylakliod) split H2O, release O2, Reduce NADP+ to NADPH, Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation.
Calvin Cycle; (in the stroma) forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH. The calvin cycle begins with carbo fixation, incorporating CO2 into organic molecules. |
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| What is the role that chemiosmosis plays in respiration and photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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| Review Mitosis and Meiosis!!!!!! |
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Definition
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Definition
| 3:1 inheritance pattern he observed in F2 offspring |
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Definition
| Having two identical allels for a given gene. |
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Definition
| Having two different allels for a given gene |
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Definition
| An allele that is fully expressed in the phynotype of a heterozygote |
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Definition
| An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote. |
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Definition
| Any of the alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects. |
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Definition
| The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.` |
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Term
Law of segregation
link to cell cycle |
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Definition
Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate) into different gametes during gamete formation.
distrubution of homologous chromosomes. |
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Term
| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes |
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| Semi-conservative replication |
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Definition
| Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand |
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