Sleep, Wake, Daily routine

Dentist, doctor

Pets, Children

Food, Drink, Drugs, Smoking

Presence of Carbon

Organization and Complexity

Metabolism

Homeostasis

Response to Stimuli

Reproduction

Growth 

Cells

Tissures

Organs

Organ systems

Organisms

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

Biosphere (the earth) 

Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

Exception: viruses

1) all living things are composed of cells

2) the cell is the basic functional unit of life

3) all cells arise from previously existing cells

Cell Membrane - Boundary between interior of cell and exterior

Cytoplasm - everything outside the nucleus (if present) and within the cell membrane  

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid - The hereditary material that contains info to direct cell reproduction and other processes 

Sacs of digestive enzymes that are involved in intracellular digestion; abundant in lung tissue where they act as scavengers, ingesting and digesting "worn out" cell parts; can burst and digest the entire cell they are in; known as "suicide bags" or "garbage disposal units"

Not found in plant cells

Bundle of microtubles used in mitosis

Not in Plant Cells

Cell Wall - contains cellulose; gives shape and rigidity

Plastids - (chloroplast) site of photosynthesis, contain green pigment (chlorophyll II) 

Large Vacuoles - well developed for storage, small or absent in animal cells 

1) Initiation

2)Promotion

Tumor Formation

Benign/malignant

3)Metastis

(death) 

First stage of cancer - induction of a normal cell to become cancerous

*a cancer causing agent (carcinogen) induces normal cells to become cancerous, permanent DNA damage 

2nd stage of cancer - cancer cells keep dividing without control

*cells are stimulated to undergo uncontrolled growth (division). cells are no longer subject to the body's normal controls on cell division

**This is the stage where Tumor formation happens

3rd stage of cancer - cancer cells spread to other locations in the body

** cancer cells enter the blood and lymph systems and are carried throughout the body. New cancers appear far from original initiation site. Cancer is now considered "advanced"

1) Environmental conditions

2) Radiation

3) Viruses

4) Hereditary

5) Many other causes 

contains all necessary information to direct cell reproduction and other processes

DNA is negative (-) 

**Electric current repels/attracts mixture of DNA fragments through the microscopic pores in the gel from the negative to the positive electrode

**Gel is made from agarose

**DNA separates by shortest,smallest fragments moving fastest and move to the bottum of the gel. Longer, slower fragments remain at the top of the gel

**DNA can be viewed by staining with dye 

Forensic science

paternity testing

genetic testing 

evolutionary studies 

Basic structure of the double helix

Ladder like fashion twisted to form a double helix. Each chain is composed of an outer backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules attached to an inner series of repeating unites called bases A-G....T-C

DNA makes up chromosomes

Humans have 23 pairs 

ribonucleic acid

Synthesizes (makes) these proteins using the ribosomes in cytoplasm of cell

those genes, which occupy the same position on each member of a homologous pair.

The two alleles can be identical or alternative forms of the same gene 

Homozygous - have 2 identical alleles for genes

Heterozygous - have 2 different alleles for genes

Genotype - specific allelic combination in an organism 

Phenotype - the observable properties of an organism which are under genetic control 

Complete Dominance - possession of the dominant genotype in either the homozygous or heterozygous state results in expression of the dominant trait in the phenotype

Incomplete Dominance - the heterozygote possesses a phenotype which is intermediate between those of the homozygotes 

an individual can only have 2 alleles for a given gene, however, more than 2 alleles for a gene may exist in the general population 

gametes are the products of meiosis and are produced throught gametogenesis 

1)Spermatogenisis

2)Oogenisis 

    primary male sex organ(s) in which immature sperm are produced. The testes are composed of many tubules called the seminiferous tubules, and are located outside the body in the scrotum. 

Seminiferous tubules 

Urethra 

glands of the male reproductive tract that produce roughly 60% of the volume of semen; release a fluid high in sugars, providing energy for sperm