Term
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Definition
| A tumor that is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule and usually does not spread. |
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Term
| What is a malignant tumor? |
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Definition
| A tumor that spreads from the site of origin to other parts of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spread of cancer through the body. |
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Term
| What is in situ? Which type of tumor does refer to? |
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Definition
| In situ refers to the place of origin of a malignant tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that cover internal and external body surfaces, cancer of epithelial tissue, found in lungs, breast, colon, bladder, and prostate in men. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Cancer of lymphatic tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cancer in muscles and connective tissue, bones and fibrous connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence. |
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Term
| What are proto-oncogenes? |
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Definition
| Proto-oncogenes are a gene that codes proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oncogenes are the mutation of the pro-oncogenes and cause cancer. |
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Term
| What are tumor suppressor genes? |
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Definition
| Tumor suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Apoptosis is programmed cell death. |
|
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Term
| What happens when a proto-oncogene mutates? |
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Definition
| When a proto-oncogene mutates it becomes an oncogene which are cancer causing. |
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Term
| What is the mutation of a proto-oncogene into an oncogene considered? |
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Definition
| This is considered a gain of function mutation. |
|
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Term
| What are the four most common cancers in males? |
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Definition
| Prostate 25%, lung and bronchus 15%, colon and rectum 10%, urinary bladder 7%. |
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Term
| What are the four most common cancers in females? |
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Definition
| Breast 27%, lung and bronchus 14%, colon and rectum 10%, uterine corpus 6%. |
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Term
| What is the result of a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene? |
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Definition
| A mutation in the tumor suppressor gene causes it to no longer be able to inhibit the cell cycle or promote apoptosis. |
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Term
| What is the mutation in a tumor suppressor gene considered? |
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Definition
| This is considered a loss of function mutation. |
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Term
| Which cancer causes the most deaths in both males and females? |
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Definition
| Lung and bronchus cancer. |
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Term
| What is the term that refers to the formation of cancer? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the main differences between cancer cells and normal cells? |
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Definition
| Cancer cells lack differentiation, they are not specialized like normal cells and do not contribute to the function of a body part, they have abnormal nuclei, replicate an unlimited number of times and do not die, no contact inhibition, no need for growth factors and do not respond to inhibitory growth factors |
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Term
| How often do cancer cells reproduce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The formation of new blood vessels. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cancer spreads by entering the bloodstream. |
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Term
| What is the function of gene p53? |
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Definition
| Gene p53 is a tumor suppressor gene. It causes apoptosis when there is a mutation in the DNA sequence of a cell and it is not repaired. |
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Term
| What are the causes of cancer? |
|
Definition
| Heredity and environmental factors such as radiation, organic chemicals, pollutants, viruses and dietary choices. |
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Term
| What are the most common types of skin cancer and where are they found? |
|
Definition
Basal cell carcinoma - basal layer of the epidermis.
Squamous cell carcinoma - squamous cells, the most abundant cells in the skin.
Melanoma - found in the basal layer also the most deadly skin cancer. |
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Term
| What are the reproductive cancers found in females? |
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Definition
| Breast cancer and cervical cancer. |
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Term
| What are the reproductive cancers found in males? |
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Definition
| Testicular cancer and prostate cancer. |
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Term
| What does the Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test look for? |
|
Definition
| PSA, a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland. |
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Term
| After being diagnosed with lung cancer, what percent die within a year? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the respiratory tree? |
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Definition
| The trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, primary bronchi, and alveoli. |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the trachea? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the bronchus? |
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Definition
| Conducts air to the lungs. |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the bronchiole? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the primary bronchi? |
|
Definition
| Main site of origin, gets bronchial cancer. |
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Term
| What is the function of the alveoli? |
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Definition
| Air sacs of the lungs, gas exchange. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cancer detection, looking at cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Self molecule, made by the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Non-self molecule, any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against. |
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Term
| Where can antigens be formed? |
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Definition
| Can be a foreign substance like chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen, or formed in the body as bacterial toxins or tissue cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Clear fluid that contains white blood cells. |
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|
Term
| What are lymph nodes for? |
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Definition
| Where immune cells congregate and where they encounter antigens. |
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|
Term
| What are the characteristics of bacteria? |
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Definition
| Single cell, prokaryotic. |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of bacterial infections? |
|
Definition
| Pneumonia, tonsillitis, tuberculosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is a virus composed of? |
|
Definition
| An outer capsid made of protein, and inner core made of nucleic acid. |
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|
Term
| As an infectious agent, where can viruses live? |
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Definition
| Only inside the host cell. |
|
|
Term
| How many RNA pieces does the influenza virus have? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In the influenza virus, what is the function of Hemagglutinin? |
|
Definition
| Attachment, unlocks the cell so the virus enters. |
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|
Term
| In the influenza virus, what is the function of Neuraminidase? |
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Definition
| Release and penetration, release to get the virus back out. |
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Term
| How is influenza mostly spread? |
|
Definition
| By droplet/aerosol infection. |
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Term
| What is antigenetic drift? |
|
Definition
| When mutations of the nucleic acid of the spike protein bring about small change in antigens. |
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Term
| What is antigenetic shift? |
|
Definition
| When two different influenza viruses attack the same cell, which causes the rearrangement of the viral genome. |
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|
Term
| Is antigenetic drift or antigenetic shift worse? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A disease humans may acquire from animals. |
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|
Term
| What is the genetic material for flu? |
|
Definition
| RNA, able to mutate frequently. |
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Term
| What is Edward Jenner known for? |
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Definition
| Developed the first vaccination for small pox. |
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Term
| What are the three steps in immunization? |
|
Definition
1. Exposure to harmless agents
2. Stimulate the immune response
3. Develop immunological memory for future protection |
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Term
| What are the two kinds of immunity and how are they different? Examples? |
|
Definition
Active and Passive.
Active - provides long lasting protection against a disease causing virus. (Example, Vaccination)
Passive - short lived immunity, Newborn & mother, Gamma globulin (antibodies). |
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Term
| In the video, "Why does evolution matter?", sicknesses are caused by small particles that are able to cause disease and survive in human beings. These are known as...? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In the video, "Why does evolution matter?", why is tuberculosis becoing resistant to multiple medications? |
|
Definition
| Tuberculosis is becoming resistant to multiple medications because when antibiotics are taken to kill the bacteria, it kills some of the bacteria but other parts of the bacteria are immune to the antibiotics. Those resistant/immune bacteria can multiply and evolve, which can lead to multi-drug resistant Tuberculosis. |
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Term
| What is naturally acquired active immunity? |
|
Definition
| Infection, contact with pathogen. |
|
|
Term
| What is naturally acquired passive immunity? |
|
Definition
| Antibodies passed from mother to fetus/infant. |
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|
Term
| What is artificially acquired active immunity? |
|
Definition
| Vaccine, dead or attenuated pathogens. |
|
|
Term
| What is artificially acquired passive immunity? |
|
Definition
| Injection of immune system serum (gamma globulin). |
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|
Term
| What is an endemic disease? Example? |
|
Definition
| An endemic disease is a disease normally found in the population. For example, the common cold. |
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Term
| What is a disease that many people acquire over a short amount of time called? |
|
Definition
| An epidemic disease, like the flu. |
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|
Term
| HIV is an example of what type of disease? |
|
Definition
| A pandemic disease, which is a world-wide epidemic disease. |
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Term
| The _____ ("fire maker from within") tried to protect you by producing fever and _____ are the proteins that interact with cells of the immune system and increase the thermostatic center in the hypothalamus creating a higher body temperature. |
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Definition
| Endogenous pyrogen, cytokines. |
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|
Term
| What does the Complement System protect against? How? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria; the complement proteins make holes in the bacterial cell which allows fluids and salts to enter the bacterium until it expands so much that it bursts. |
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Term
| What is the responsibility of Interferon (IFN)? |
|
Definition
| Interferes with viral replication and protects neighboring cells when a virus is present. |
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|
Term
| How could you tell if a person was dehydrated? |
|
Definition
| By their plasma, because plasma is made up of mostly water (92%); 7% plasma proteins and 1% other solutes |
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Term
| What makes up the formed elements? |
|
Definition
| Platelets and white blood cells (0.1%) and red blood cells (99.9%) |
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Term
| Another word for white blood cells is _____, and the normal range for these white blood cells is _____. |
|
Definition
| Leukocytes, 5,000 to 10,000. |
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|
Term
| Another word for red blood cells (the cells that transport oxygen) is ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common causes of neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| Infection (bacterial)/inflammation and neutrophils are the biggest portion of leukocytes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemotaxis is the process of neutrophils migrating to the site of infection. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Destroy antigen-antibody complexes. For example, allergies and asthma. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Release histamine and promote blood flow to injured tissue. |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between phagocytes and macrophages? |
|
Definition
Phagocytes are the main killer of pathogens, they engulf and kill/eat pathogens.
Macrophages are professional phagocytes that kill intracellular pathogens, pus (dead white blood cells) usually forms after this. Monocytes and neutrophils can become macrophages. |
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|
Term
| What do suppressor T-cells do? |
|
Definition
| Suppressor T-Cells suppress immune responses after an antigen has been destroyed and prevents an overactive immune system. |
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Term
| True or false: B-cells are associated with cell-medicated immunity, originate from bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. |
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Definition
FALSE
T-Cells are associated with cell-mediated immunity, originate in bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland while B-Cells are associated with Antibody Mediated Immunity/Humoral Immunity, and originate AND mature in bone marrow. After maturity both enter the lymph nodes and spleen where they can look for foreign invaders in the bloodstream. |
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Term
| True or false: Plasma b-cells secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins). |
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Definition
TRUE
Plasma B-Cells secrete antibodies (Immunoglobulins) and Memory B-Cells retain immunological memory so the bacteria is easier to fight off if it comes again. |
|
|
Term
| Which t-cells orchestrate the immune response? |
|
Definition
| Helper T-Cells; they also enhance specific and nonspecific defenses by stimulating other immune cells. |
|
|
Term
| What do cytotoxic t-cells do? |
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic T-Cells attack and destroy abnormal cells |
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|
Term
| _____ t-cells reactivate upon later exposure to the same antigen to form helper and cytotoxic t-cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of immunity are t-cells associated with? |
|
Definition
| T-cells are associated with cell mediated immunity. |
|
|
Term
| What attracts phagocytes to an infection? |
|
Definition
| Phagocytes are attracted to an infection by chemotaxis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of vasodilation in inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Vasodilation allows white blood cells to enter the blood stream. |
|
|
Term
| What is the functin of histamine in inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Histamine dialates the capillaries, which brings blood to the scene. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of an inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
| Heat and redness, swelling, pain, puss. |
|
|
Term
| What causes an inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
| Vasodilation causes heat and redness, histamine causes swelling, bradykinins or kinins cause pain and phagocytic migration causes puss. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Alexander Fleming? |
|
Definition
| He discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Antibiotics work by attacking the cell wall of the bacteria? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MRSA is caused by the resistance to several antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between allergies and autoimmune diseases? |
|
Definition
| Allergies are the body’s immune system overreacting to substances in the environment, or allergens. Autoimmune diseases happen when T cells launch attack against it’s own cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the body's response to an allergen? |
|
Definition
1. Allergen
2. Plasma B cells make IgE antibody
3. IgE antibody attaches to mast cells
4. Which then release histamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of allergic reaction when a person has become sensitized to a certain allergen and after being exposed to the allergen histamines and other substances released into the bloodstream cause blood vessels to dilate and tissues to swell. |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of histamine? |
|
Definition
| Dilate capillaries, which causes eyes to water, running nose, sneezing, and itchy throat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A granular leukocyte that is the most abundant of the white blood cells and is the first to respond to an infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specialized white blood cell that functions in specific defense. It occurs in two forms (t-cells and b-cells). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of agranular white blood cell that functions as a phagocyte and an antigen-presenting cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A white blood cell that contains cytoplasmic granules that stain with acidic dye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A white blood cell with granular cytoplasm and is able to be stained with a basic dye. |
|
|
Term
| What is the anagram to remember the leukocytes (white blood cells)? |
|
Definition
Never (neutrohil)
Let (lymphocyte)
Monkeys (monocyte)
Eat (eosinophil)
Bananas (basophil) |
|
|
Term
| Where are t-cells produced and where do they mature? |
|
Definition
| T-cells are produced in the bone marrow and are matured in the thymus. |
|
|
Term
| Where are b-cells produced and where do they mature? |
|
Definition
| B-cells are produced in the bone marrow and are matured in the bone marrow. It gives rise to antibody producing plama cells when a specific antigen stimulates it. |
|
|
Term
| What test do doctors use to identify the type of pathogen that is causing a disease? |
|
Definition
| They run a sensitivity test, also known as the Kirby Baur. It shows the Zone of Inhibition (Zone of Death) which shows which antibody works the best. This helps identify the pathogen. |
|
|
Term
| Why do women suffer more urinary tract infections than men? |
|
Definition
| The urethra is located closer to the anus in females and is also shorter, allowing for bacteria to travel a shorter distance and cause infections much quicker and more frequently. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A urinary or bladder infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best treatment for a kidney infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence of cancer? |
|
Definition
| Heart disease is the #1 killer in the U.S. and cancer is the #2 killer. |
|
|
Term
| What types of cells are associated with cell mediated immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of cells are associated with antibody mediated (humoral) immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has to happen for a t-cell to process an antigen? |
|
Definition
| Antigen presenting cell (APC) engulfs a pathogen, breaks it down to fragments, which are antigenetic. The fragments are linked to a major histocompatabilitiy complex (MHC) in the plasma membrane. It can now be presented to a t-cell. |
|
|
Term
| What are human MHC proteins called? |
|
Definition
| Human leukocyte associated (HLA) antigens. This is a problem with tissue rejection. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of bradykinins or kinins? |
|
Definition
| The function is the modulation of vascular tone. |
|
|
Term
| How does penicillin kill bacteria? |
|
Definition
| By interfering with the ability to synthesize the cell wall? |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with MRSA? |
|
Definition
| It is antibiotic resistant. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the body turns on its own cells? |
|
Definition
| Anaphylactic shock occurs. |
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