Term
Ch 30
The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____.
pollen
heterospory
sporophylls
ovules
cones |
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Definition
pollen
*In bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, flagellated sperm must swim through a film of water to reach the egg cells. In seed plants, the use of airborne pollen to bring gametes together is a terrestrial adaptation. |
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Term
Pine Life Cycle
In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____.
archegonia ... sperm cell
antheridia ... egg
antheridia ... sperm cell
microsporangia ... egg cell
archegonia ... egg |
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Definition
archegonia ... egg
*In pines, a megaspore repeatedly grows and divides, giving rise to a female gametophyte. The female gametophyte is the site in which egg-bearing gametophytes develop. |
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Term
Pine Life Cycle
In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____.
seed
immature sporophyte
immature female gametophyte
immature male gametophyte
food reserve for the immature
sporophyte |
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Definition
immature sporophyte
*The diploid embryo will develop into a seedling and then into a mature pine tree. |
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Term
Pine Life Cycle
In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____.
eggs
integument
pollen cone
megaspore
micropyle |
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Definition
micropyle
*Pollen grains gain entry into the ovule via the micropyle. |
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Term
Pine Life Cycle
Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?
It functions as a triploid food reserve.
It functions as a haploid food reserve.
It functions as a diploid food reserve.
It develops from the fusion of a microspore and a megaspore.
It is the remnant of the pollen tube. |
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Definition
It functions as a haploid food reserve.
*This gametophyte tissue is a source of nourishment for the embryo. |
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Term
Pine Life Cycle
Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s).
three
four
one
two
integuments |
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Definition
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Term
Pine Life Cycle
In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____.
haploid ... mitosis
triploid ... fertilization
diploid ... mitosis
diploid ... meiosis
haploid ... meiosis |
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Definition
haploid ... meiosis
*Diploid microsporangia form haploid microspores by meiosis. |
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Term
Ch 30
What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales?
They are modified leaves.
None are capable of photosynthesis.
They are found on angiosperms.
They are found on flowers.
They are female reproductive parts. |
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Definition
| They are modified leaves. |
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Term
Ch 30
The question refers to the following description.
The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans.
Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms?
1. They have exposed ovules.
2. They have flagellated sperm.
3. They are pollinated by animals.
1 only
1, 2, and 3
2 and 3
2 only
3 only |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 30
Harold and Kumar are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study about plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions.
From reading their biology textbook, what would Harold and Kumar discover?
Prescription drugs that enter the water table are responsible for the extinction of many plants.
All rain forest plants contain at least one chemical useful as a medicine.
About one-quarter of all prescription drugs come from seed plants.
Much of what was once rain forest has been replanted with fields of medicinally valuable plants. |
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Definition
| About one-quarter of all prescription drugs come from seed plants. |
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Term
Ch 30
Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower?
anthers
petals
stamens
ovaries
carpels |
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Definition
petals
*Petals play a role in attracting pollinators. |
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Term
Ch 30
What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?
1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks.
2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth.
3. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pH's.
4. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals.
5. The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes.
4 only
2 and 3
3, 4, and 5
1 and 2
3 and 5 |
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Definition
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Term
Primary and Secondary Growth
Secondary growth NEVER occurs in _____.
stems
roots
stems and leaves
leaves
roots and leaves |
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Definition
leaves
*Secondary growth never occurs in leaves. |
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Term
Primary and Secondary Growth
_____ provides cells for secondary growth.
Vascular cambium
Apical meristem
Secondary xylem
Secondary phloem
The root |
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Definition
Vascular cambium
*Vascular cambium is lateral meristem that provides cells for secondary growth. |
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Term
Primary and Secondary Growth
Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's _____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's _____.
center ... center
surface ... center
center ... surface
surface ... surface
top ... bottom |
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Definition
center ... surface
*Wood, or secondary xylem, is formed toward the stem's center, and secondary phloem is formed toward the stem's surface. |
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Term
Primary and Secondary Growth
What is the function of cork?
regulating the opening and closing of stomata
providing cells for primary growth
providing cells for secondary growth
providing a site for photosynthesis
insulation and waterproofing |
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Definition
insulation and waterproofing
*Cork insulates and waterproofs roots and stems. |
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Term
Primary and Secondary Growth
How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained?
by the differentiation of secondary xylem
by the division of its cells
by the differentiation of cork
by the differentiation of secondary phloem
by the differentiation of apical meristem |
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Definition
by the division of its cells
*When a vascular cambium cell divides, one cell differentiates and the other cell remains meristematic. |
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Term
Ch 35
Compared to most animals, the growth of most plants is best described as
primary.
derivative.
weedy.
perennial.
indeterminate. |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 35
Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?
sections of the root that have
secondary xylem
storage roots
root hairs
root cap
the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 35
Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of
cell differentiation.
cell elongation.
cell division.
reproduction.
morphogenesis. |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 35
Which of the following would not be seen in a cross-section through the woody part of a root?
vessel elements
parenchyma cells
root hairs
sieve-tube elements
sclerenchyma cells |
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Definition
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Term
Interpreting Data: Effects of Auxin on Cell Elongation
For Graph: Assignment #8- Question #8
What does the x-axis of this graph represent?
the concentration of auxin in the roots
the extent that elongation is promoted or inhibited
the concentration of auxin in liters per gram
the concentration of auxin in grams per liter |
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Definition
| the concentration of auxin in grams per liter |
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Term
Interpreting Data: Effects of Auxin on Cell Elongation
What does the distance between two white vertical lines on this graph represent?
a 100-fold change in auxin concentration
a doubling of auxin concentration
a change in auxin concentration of 1 g/L
an increase in elongation |
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Definition
| a 100-fold change in auxin concentration |
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Term
Interpreting Data: Effects of Auxin on Cell Elongation
What does the point on the far right end of the blue line indicate?
A very high concentration of auxin greatly promotes elongation of the roots.
A very high concentration of auxin greatly inhibits elongation of the roots.
A very high concentration of auxin greatly promotes elongation of the stems.
A very high concentration of auxin greatly inhibits elongation of the stems. |
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Definition
| A very high concentration of auxin greatly inhibits elongation of the stems. |
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Term
Interpreting Data: Effects of Auxin on Cell Elongation
As labeled on the graph, the blue line crosses the dashed zero line at an auxin concentration of 0.9 g/L. What does this indicate?
At this auxin concentration, elongation of stems is neither promoted nor inhibited.
At this auxin concentration, elongation of stems is promoted, but elongation of roots is inhibited.
At this auxin concentration, elongation of roots is neither promoted nor inhibited.
At this point on the graph, the auxin concentration is 0 g/L. |
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Definition
| At this auxin concentration, elongation of stems is neither promoted nor inhibited. |
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Term
Interpreting Data: Effects of Auxin on Cell Elongation
Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph?
Very low concentrations of auxin promote elongation of the roots.
supported
not supported
cannot be determined from the graph |
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Definition
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Term
Interpreting Data: Effects of Auxin on Cell Elongation
Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph?
Auxin concentrations below 0.9 g/L always promote elongation.
supported
not supported
cannot be determined from the graph |
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Definition
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Term
Interpreting Data: Effects of Auxin on Cell Elongation
Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph?
Any given concentration of auxin either promotes stem elongation or promotes root elongation, but never both.
supported
not supported
cannot be determined from the graph |
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Definition
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Term
Interpreting Data: Effects of Auxin on Cell Elongation
Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph?
There are concentrations of auxin that promote stem elongation while simultaneously inhibiting root elongation.
supported
not supported
cannot be determined from the graph |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 39
A plant mutant that shows normal gravitropic bending but does not store starch in its plastids would require a reevaluation of the role of ____________ in gravitropism.
statoliths
light
differential growth
calcium
auxin |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 39
How may a plant respond to severe heat stress?
by reorienting leaves to increase evaporative cooling
by increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes, reducing their fluidity
by creating air tubes for ventilation
by producing heat-shock proteins, which may protect the plant's proteins from denaturing
by initiating a systemic acquired resistance response |
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Definition
| by producing heat-shock proteins, which may protect the plant's proteins from denaturing |
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Term
Ch 39
In order for a plant to initiate chemical responses to herbivory,
phytoalexins must be released.
volatile "signal" compounds must be perceived.
it must be past a certain developmental age.
the plant must be directly attacked by an herbivore.
gene-for-gene recognition must occur. |
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Definition
| volatile "signal" compounds must be perceived. |
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Term
Flowering Lab
For a short-day plant, the _____ is critical in determining if flowering will occur.
maximum number of hours of light
minimum number of hour of light
maximum number of hours of darkness
None of these is correct, since short-day plants are also known as day-neutral plants.
minimum number of hours of darkness |
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Definition
minimum number of hours of darkness
*Short-day plants are actually long-night plants. |
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Term
Flowering Lab
For a long-day plant, the _____ is critical in determining if flowering will occur.
maximum number of hours of light
minimum number of hours of light
maximum number of hours of darkness
minimum number of hours of darkness
None of these is correct, since short-day plants are also known as day-neutral plants. |
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Definition
maximum number of hours of darkness
*Long-day plants are short-night plants. |
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Term
Flowering Lab
Day-neutral plants flower regardless of _____.
photoperiod
day length or night length
day length, night length, or photoperiod
night length
day length |
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Definition
day length, night length, or photoperiod
*Photoperiod refers to seasonal changes in the relative lengths of day and night. |
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Term
Flowering Lab
Which of these would inhibit flowering in a short-day plant with a critical night length of 12 hours?
12 hours of light followed by 12 hours of dark
12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, a flash of far-red light, 6 hours of dark
All of these regimens would inhibit flowering in a short-day plant with a critical night length of 12 hours.
12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, a flash of far-red light, a flash of red light, a flash of far-red light, 6 hours of dark
12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, 6 hours of dark |
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Definition
12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, 6 hours of dark
*The flash of red light shortens the length of the dark period, so flowering would not occur. |
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Term
Flowering Lab
Which of these would stimulate flowering in a long-day plant with a critical night length of 12 hours?
8 hours of light and 16 hours of dark
12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, a flash of far-red light, a flash of red light, a flash of far-red light, 6 hours of dark
12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, 6 hours of dark
12 hours of light followed by 12 hours of dark
12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, a flash of far-red light, 6 hours of dark |
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Definition
12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, 6 hours of dark
*The flash of red light shortens the length of the dark period and thus flowering would not occur. |
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Term
Water Transport in Plants: Transpiration (BioFlix tutorial)
Transpiration provides the driving force for the movement of water from the soil to the highest leaves of plants. Transpiration is also linked to other processes in plants, including photosynthesis and the transport of mineral nutrients.
Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) a relationship between transpiration and other processes in plants?
Select all that apply.
Water is pulled from the roots to the leaves by transpiration, whereas mineral nutrients diffuse from the roots to the leaves.
The large surface area exposed to air inside the leaf maximizes the plant’s ability to absorb CO2 while minimizing water loss through transpiration.
Transpiration is important in cooling leaves on warm, sunny days.
In most plants, the highest rate of transpiration occurs when the rate of photosynthesis is also highest.
To minimize water loss during dry conditions, most plants must also restrict their ability to carry out photosynthesis.
Open stomata provide a low-resistance pathway for CO2 to enter and for water to exit the leaf. |
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Definition
Transpiration is important in cooling leaves on warm, sunny days.
In most plants, the highest rate of transpiration occurs when the rate of photosynthesis is also highest.
To minimize water loss during dry conditions, most plants must also restrict their ability to carry out photosynthesis.
Open stomata provide a low-resistance pathway for CO2 to enter and for water to exit the leaf.
*Both water and CO2 diffuse as gases through stomata. Therefore, the opening of stomata to permit CO2 to rapidly enter the leaf also promotes water loss through transpiration. Conversely, when the stomata close to limit water loss under dry conditions, the entry of CO2 into the leaf is restricted and photosynthesis slows.
Transpiration pulls both water and mineral nutrients from the roots to the leaves. It also cools the leaves as water evaporates from cell surfaces inside the leaves. |
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Term
Ch 36
All of the following normally enter the plant through the roots except
calcium.
carbon dioxide.
potassium.
nitrogen.
water. |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 36
Which of the following experimental procedures would most likely reduce transpiration while allowing the normal growth of a plant?
putting the plant in drier soil
decreasing the relative humidity around the plant
subjecting the leaves of the plant to a partial vacuum
injecting potassium ions into the guard cells of the plant
increasing the level of carbon dioxide around the plant |
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Definition
| increasing the level of carbon dioxide around the plant |
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Term
Ch 36
Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because
the companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps in water.
sucrose has been transported out of the sieve tube by active transport.
sucrose has diffused into the sieve tube, making it hypotonic.
sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic.
water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in water. |
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Definition
| sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic. |
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Term
Ch 36
Select the correct mechanism of stomatal opening and closing.
The radial orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the cell walls of guard cells causes them to bow outward and open the stomatal pore when turgid.
The cell walls of guard cells are thickened on the side of the stomatal opening and the thinner walls bow outward when the guard cells become turgid, to close the stomata.
Light stimulates proton pumps in the plasma membrane of the guard cells, causing them to lose K+ and become flaccid. |
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Definition
| The radial orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the cell walls of guard cells causes them to bow outward and open the stomatal pore when turgid. |
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Term
Activity: Soil Formation and Nutrient Uptake
What are the largest particles formed from the breakdown of rock?
Sand
Silt
Gravel
Clay |
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Definition
Gravel
*Gravel particles are the largest particles formed from the breakdown of rock. |
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Term
Activity: Soil Formation and Nutrient Uptake
Which of the following is an elemental ion?
K+
HCO3-
NO3-
K |
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Definition
K+
*K+ is an elemental ion. |
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Term
Activity: Soil Formation and Nutrient Uptake
True or false? Soil texture affects the amount of water available to plants; water is held best by clay and sand particles.
True
False |
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Definition
False
*Soil texture does indeed affect the amount of water available to plants, but water is held best by the smallest soil particles, clay and silt. |
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Term
Activity: Soil Formation and Nutrient Uptake
Which of the following steps occurs first during soil formation?
Mosses grow on the rock surface.
Organic material is added to the rock surface.
Lichens grow on the rock surface.
Weathering of solid rock occurs. |
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Definition
Weathering of solid rock occurs.
*Weathering is the process by which solid rock is broken down into smaller pieces and is the first step in soil formation. |
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Term
Activity: Soil Formation and Nutrient Uptake
Why is the decomposition of dead organisms important for soil formation?
The process makes negatively charged ions more easily absorbed by plant roots.
The process produces acidic compounds that dissolve the rock surface.
The process adds organic matter to the soil, which is necessary to support the growth of larger plants.
The process increases the amount of silt in the soil. |
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Definition
The process adds organic matter to the soil, which is necessary to support the growth of larger plants.
*Decomposition of dead organisms adds organic matter, or humus, to the soil; humus is necessary to support plant growth. |
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Term
Activity: Soil Formation and Nutrient Uptake
Which of the following statements about nutrient uptake by plants is true?
Plants can easily absorb mineral ions from soil with large amounts of organic matter.
Plants require other elements besides carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to grow, and they can obtain these in soil.
Root hairs increase the volume of roots for more efficient absorption of water and nutrients.
Positively charged ions remain dissolved in water and are easily absorbed by plant roots. |
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Definition
Plants require other elements besides carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to grow, and they can obtain these in soil.
*This statement is true; plants also require elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, and magnesium. |
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Term
Activity: Soil Formation and Nutrient Uptake
True or false? Plants use both active and passive transport processes to transport ions against their concentration gradients.
True
False |
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Definition
False
*Plants use passive transport, which requires no energy expenditure, to transport ions down their concentration gradients, but they can only use active transport, which requires energy in the form of ATP, to transport ions against their concentration gradients. |
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Term
Ch 37
The sundew plant has to digest insects because _____.
it has lost the ability to perform photosynthesis
it obtains nitrogen from their bodies that it cannot get from the soil
it's a method of self-cleaning to rid the plants of insects that get stuck in the plant
it lives in a dry environment and uses moisture from the insects' bodies
its flowers are fertilized by pollen in its digestive tract |
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Definition
it obtains nitrogen from their bodies that it cannot get from the soil
*The sundew lives in nitrogen-poor soil and obtains its nitrogen from the digestion of insects. |
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Term
Ch 37
The relationship between legumes and Rhizobium is _____.
parasitic
commensalistic
predatory
mutualistic
competitive |
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Definition
mutualistic
*Both the legume and the Rhizobium benefit from this relationship. The legume gains a supply of fixed nitrogen from Rhizobium, and Rhizobium gains organic nutrients from the legume. |
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Term
Ch 37
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil _____.
convert nitrates to N2
use nitrates to make amino acids that plants can use
change ammonium into nitrates
convert nitrate to ammonium
convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia |
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Definition
convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia
*Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of N2 (atmospheric nitrogen) to NH3. |
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Term
Ch 37
Identify the components of the rhizosphere, the soil layer that surrounds plant roots.
Select all that apply.
Fungi
Dirt
Bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 37
How do plants obtain organic molecules?
Plants take up organic molecules through their roots.
Plants synthesize their own organic molecules.
Plants take in organic molecules through their stomata. |
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Definition
Plants synthesize their own organic molecules.
* As autotrophs, plants synthesize their own organic molecules. They incorporate inorganic nutrients taken up from soil into components of these organic molecules. |
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Term
Ch 37
If a wide-spectrum fungicide that kills all fungal species were used extensively in a forest, what effects would you expect the treatment to have on the forest vegetation?
It would harm the few plants that benefit from mutualistic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi.
It would greatly reduce the ability of most plants to take up water and minerals from soil.
It would benefit plants by killing off fungal pathogens. |
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Definition
It would greatly reduce the ability of most plants to take up water and minerals from soil.
*Most plants rely on mycorrhizal fungi to take up water and minerals from soil. If these fungi were killed, it would greatly reduce the ability of most plants to take up water and minerals from soil. |
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Term
LOOK AT ON MASTERING BIOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT #7= 2A,2B,3A,&6A
ASSIGNMENT #8= 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B,2E, 7A,7B,&7C
ASSIGNMENT #9= 1A,1B&1C |
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Definition
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