Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specific genes + promoter + operator |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
allalactose binds repressor
RNA Polymerase binds promoter
LacZ, LacY, LacA transcribed (1 mRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
repressor binds operator
RNA Polymerase unable to bind promoter
transcription blocked |
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Term
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Definition
repressor protein unable to bind operator
trp synthesized |
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Term
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Definition
repressor binds operator (operator off)
no transcription
no trp synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
low cAMP
no CAP binding
weak transcription |
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Term
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Definition
high cAMP
CAP binds
strong transcription |
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Term
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Definition
repressor NOT bound
transcription high (CAP bound) |
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Term
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Definition
repressor IS bound
no transcription |
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Term
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Definition
repressor NOT bound
CAP NOT bound
low transcription levels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does nuclear membrane do? |
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Definition
in eukaryotes
prevents simultaneous transcription and translation |
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Term
| major point of regulation in prokaryotes |
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Definition
| control of transcriptional initiation |
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Term
| what controls transcription? |
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Definition
contortions or bending of DNA
(from proteins binding to DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| rRNA (genes exist in tandem repeats) |
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Term
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Definition
mRNA
protein encoding
homologous to prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
tRNA
transcribes small RNA genes |
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Term
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Definition
includes:
initiation site
TATA box |
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Term
| Cis-acting regulatory genes recognized by pol II |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1)where transcription begins
2)located +1 of transcription |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Basal factors
1)bind where?
2)do what? |
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Definition
bind to promoter
maintain basal level of transcription |
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Term
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Definition
binds to TATA box
bends DNA |
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Term
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Definition
1)associate at TBP
2)stabalize |
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Term
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Definition
| stick out of nucleosome core |
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Term
| Histone tails can be modified by |
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Definition
phosphate
acetyl group
methyl group
ubiquitin |
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Term
nucleosomes
1) do what? where?
2)what releases impairment? |
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Definition
1)impair assembly of transcriptional machinery at core promoter.
2)Acetylation releases this impairment. |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases strength of DNA-histone interaction |
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Term
| transcriptional activators |
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Definition
bind to enhancer sequences
increase transcription 100-fold |
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Term
| transcriptional activators 2 important structural domains |
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Definition
bind to enhancer
activate transcription |
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Term
dimers
1)form what?
2)types? |
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Definition
1)formed by eukaryotic activators
2)homomers
heteromers |
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Term
transcriptional repressors
1)do what? |
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Definition
1)bind to enhancer element (competitive)
blocks polymerase
diminish transcription |
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Term
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Definition
-produce different mRNA molecules from same transcript
-depends on splicing pattern
-controlled by cell-specific regulatory proteins (bind to regulatory sequences) |
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Term
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Definition
| can control protein synthesis within cell |
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Term
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Definition
-via breakdown of poly-A tail (3')
-this triggers removal of 5' cap |
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Term
| what happens when cap is removed? |
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Definition
| RNA quickly degraded by nuclease enzymes |
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Term
| How can initiation of translation be blocked? |
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Definition
-regulatory proteins
-bind to specific sequences in UTR of 5'
-prevents ribosomes from attaching |
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Term
| What happens when mRNA lacks poly-A tail of sufficient length? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-tags proteins for destruction
proteasomes recognize tagged proteins & degrade them |
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Term
miRNA
1) single stranded or double stranded?
2) bind to? |
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Definition
1) single stranded
2) complementary sequences in mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
longer RNA molecules fold back
create hairpin structure held together by hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
one degraded
other = miRNA |
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Term
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Definition
-one hairpin structure forms complex with several proteins
-complex binds to complementary RNA molecule
!-degrades target RNA or blocks translation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-normal versions of oncogenes
-code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division (apoptosis as well) |
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Term
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Definition
genetic change
leads to increse of protein product or increased activity |
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