Term
| what is true of spontaneous generation? |
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Definition
| it is when rotting meats turns into maggots |
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Term
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Definition
| it evolved before the split between bacteria and archaea |
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Term
| which event occurred in the precambrian era? |
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Definition
| first photosynthetic cells |
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Term
| what is not true of the Cambrian Explosion? |
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Definition
| It was when Vendian animals first appeared |
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Term
| group of rod shaped bacteria are called |
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Definition
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Term
| what is true of cnidarians? |
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Definition
| they have ectoderm and endoderm, but not a mesoderm. |
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Term
| birds have body cavities completely lined with mesoderm, therefor birds are...... |
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Definition
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Term
| protostomes typically have...... |
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Definition
| spiral cleavage and first pore becomes mouth |
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Term
| is hybrid invariability post or przygotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| the goal of systematics is to reconstruct evolutionary histories using groups of taxa that are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| character that is unique to a single taxon |
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Term
| which group of prokaryotes includes some archaea? |
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Definition
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Term
| if an animal lacks a tail, notochord, and pharyngeal gill pockets as an adult, but has them as an embryo, it is a(n).......... |
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Definition
| deuterostome, chordate, triploblast, member of bilateria |
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Term
| what is true of protists? |
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Definition
| some were classified as plants in the past |
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Term
| what is true of the cranium? |
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Definition
| it occurs in all vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
is not found among earliest animals
makes cephalization possible
typical of triploblastic animals
found among animals that have a mesoderm |
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Term
| mutation that leads to a codon that codes for an early stop codon |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the norm of reaction? |
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Definition
| explains why pink hydrangeas may have offspring that have blue flowers, depending on soil acidity |
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Term
| what is true of chromosome numbers? |
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Definition
| polyploidy is much more common in plants than in animals |
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Term
| what is true of genomic imprinting? |
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Definition
| in maternal imprinting, only the paternal allele is expressed |
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Term
| What is true of the development of Charles Darwin's theory? |
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Definition
| his theory was independently derived from that of Alfred Russel Wallace. |
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Term
| know that extranuclear genes are inherited differently than nuclear genes are. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| partners, gradualism & uniformitarianism. |
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Term
| what is a directed mechanism of evolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| and error in anaphase one is most likely to cause |
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Definition
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Term
| what is true of inbreeding depression? |
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Definition
| it can be an indirect evolutionary mechanism by exposing deleterious recessive alleles to selection |
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Term
| if nondisjunction occurs in meiosis I during gametogenesis, what will be the result at the completion of meiosis? |
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Definition
| half of the gametes will be n+1 and half will be n-1 |
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Term
| a cell that has 4n chromosomes is |
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Definition
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Term
| which of these conditions should allow natural selection to occur in a population over time? |
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Definition
variation due to genetic variability
environment changing at slow rate
population is large
no competing species present |
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Term
| smallest unit upon which natural selection directly acts? |
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Definition
| physical characteristic of an individual |
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Term
| the lower the proportion of the loci that are fixed in a population, the lower is that populations.... |
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Definition
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Term
| natural selection ______ random mutations |
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Definition
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Term
| why are viruses considered a borderline case in terms of whether or not they are living? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is true of x inactivation in mammals? |
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Definition
one of the 2 x chromosomes in each cell is randomly inactivated early in development
it happens only in female mammals
inactive x condenses into a Barr body
heterozygous female for a gene on the x chromosome will be a mosaic for that character |
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Term
| explain bilateral symmetry |
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Definition
Face environment in one direction
Typically have distinct head, elongate body
Able to move unidirectionally
All triploblasts*
Sensory organs clustered in head (cephalization), locomotion posteriorly |
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Term
|
Definition
Internal fluid-filled cavity
True coelom forms within mesoderm |
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Term
| what is cryptic coloration? |
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Definition
camoflague
look like something inedible |
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Term
| what is aposematic coloration? |
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Definition
warning coloration
chemical defenses? |
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Term
|
Definition
Only works if mimic and model occur together and mimic is rarer
False advertising |
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Term
|
Definition
Palatable species mimics noxious/dangerous one
fooling |
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Term
|
Definition
Noxious species convergently evolve to resemble each other
reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| Insects that find and (usually) paralyze hosts |
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Term
| what % of energy stored as biomass transferred as organic matter to next trophic level? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a keystone species? |
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Definition
Species that have disproportionate pivotal ecological niches that affect rest of community
--"typically not numerically abundant" |
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Term
| what is a foundation species? |
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Definition
Species that dramatically alter their environment in major way
ecosystem engineers
--ex. beaver. |
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Term
| three basic principles of conservation biology |
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Definition
1. process of evolution unites all of biology
2. ecological world is dynamic
3. humans are part of ecosystems |
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Term
|
Definition
in situ: protected areas
ex situ: role of zoos, aquaria, and botanical gardens in conservation |
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Term
| what determines distribution of terrestrial biomes? |
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Definition
abiotic factors, mainly climate
disturbance such as fires, volcanic activity
seasons |
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Term
| General features of terrestrial biomes |
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Definition
named for physical climactic or vegetation characteristics.
most species found in only one or in one part of a biome
dynamic, patchy |
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Term
| lowland tropical rain forests |
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Definition
| near equator, warm annual mean temp, little variation, high humidity, little wind inside forest. |
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Term
|
Definition
montane rain forest.
trees shorter, many branches, small leaves
lots of moss and tree ferns
cloud precipitation
windy
little sun
fewer species |
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Term
| temperate deciduous forests (broadleaf) |
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Definition
moderate average temps - long warm summers, cold but not severe winters
abundant precipitation |
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Term
| evergreen coniferous forests (boreal forests, taiga) |
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Definition
winters long, dry, cold
summers short, mild to warm
low plant diversity
acidic soil, slow rate of decomposition |
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Term
|
Definition
evaporation exceeds precipitation
hot by day cold by night
regeneration extremely slow |
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Term
|
Definition
enough rainfall for grass growth
afforestation prevented by erratic rainfall, frequent fires, large grazing herbivores
interiors of continents |
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Term
| polar grasslands (tundra) |
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Definition
| bitter cold, high winds, long dark winters, permafrost, vegetation is thick |
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Term
|
Definition
periodically submerged and exposed
highly stratified
rocky and or sandy/muddy
high biodiversity
high nutrient levels |
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Term
|
Definition
open blue water
high oxygen levels
low nutrient concentrations
70% of earth's surface
dominant photosynthetic organisms phytoplankton and cyanobacteria (1/2 earth's photosynthetic activity) |
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Term
|
Definition
animal-dominated ecosystem
near shore or continental shelf
photic zone of tropical marine waters
low nutrients
extreme animal diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrient poor, oxygen rich |
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Term
|
Definition
| nutrient rich, oxygen poor |
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Term
|
Definition
| how individuals interact with their environment |
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Term
|
Definition
group of individuals of a single species occupying a particular area at the same time
how numbers of individuals in population change over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| biological community is all species interacting with each other in a certain area at a particular time |
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Term
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Definition
| all organisms and nonliving components of a region |
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Term
|
Definition
| exchanges among ecosystems |
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Term
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Definition
| regional exchanges of energy and material influencing global functioning and distribution of organisms |
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Term
| what are the major components of climate |
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Definition
| temperature, moisture, sunlight, wind |
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Term
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Definition
| Variation in conditions within ecosystems, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Variation in conditions between time periods |
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Term
|
Definition
| doesn’t include all descendants |
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Term
|
Definition
| doesn’t include most recent common ancestor |
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Term
| define: monophyletic group |
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Definition
| ancestral species plus all its descendants |
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Term
|
Definition
| shared derived character that is unique to a particular clade |
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Term
|
Definition
| favors individuals at one end of phylogenic range |
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Term
|
Definition
| favors individuals at both extremes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain dispersal and vicariance |
|
Definition
dispersal is the movement or expansion of a species into a new area
vicariance is the separation of species by a geographical barrier. eg- formation of amtn range, or rising sea levels creat islands |
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|
Term
| characteristics of a deuterostome |
|
Definition
| 1st opening becomes anus, radial cleavage, bilateral symmetry |
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