Term
| 2 factors to describe reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the potential energy contained in covalent bonds |
|
|
Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| energy is not created or destroyed |
|
|
Term
| second law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| the transfer of energy or the transformation of energy from one form to the other increases the entropy of a system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total energy in a system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the usable energy in a system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in free energy is negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in free energy is positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Substrate-level phosphorylation
chemiosmosis |
|
|
Term
| 3 methods of regulating metabolic pathways |
|
Definition
gene regulation
cellular regulation
biochemical regulation |
|
|
Term
| methods of biochemical regulation |
|
Definition
competitive inhibitors
noncompetitive inhibitors
(feedback inhibition at allosteric site) |
|
|
Term
| Four steps of cellular respiration |
|
Definition
1. glycolysis
2. breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group
3. citric acid cycle
4. oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| Inputs/outputs of glycolysis |
|
Definition
Input: 1 glucose
Output: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH |
|
|
Term
| Inputs/outputs of breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group |
|
Definition
Input: 2 Pyruvate molecules
Output: 2 acetyl groups, 2 CO2, 2 NADH |
|
|
Term
| Inputs/outputs of citric acid cycle |
|
Definition
Inputs: 2 acetyl groups
Outputs: 4 CO2 molecules, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| Inputs/outputs of oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
Inputs: NADH, FADH2
Outputs: 30-34 ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. energy investment
2. cleavage
3. energy liberation |
|
|
Term
| Where does glycolysis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does stage 2 of cellular respiration take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inputs/outputs to ATP synthase |
|
Definition
Inputs: ADP, Pi
Outputs: ATP |
|
|
Term
| 2 different strats to carry out anaerobic respiration |
|
Definition
1. Use nitrate as a final acceptor of electrons instead of O2
2. perform glycolysis, NADH donates its electrons to something else, providing glycolysis with NAD+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the central part of the leaf where the bulk of photosynthesis takes place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pores through which CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid-filled region of the chloroplast between the thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane |
|
|
Term
| 2 stages of photosynthesis |
|
Definition
1 light reactions
2 Calvin Cycle |
|
|
Term
| Location of light reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 pigments found in chloroplasts |
|
Definition
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
carotenoids |
|
|
Term
| 2 main components of photosystem 2 |
|
Definition
light-harvesting complex
reaction center |
|
|
Term
| the process in which energy is transferred from one pigment molecule to another |
|
Definition
| resonance energy transfer |
|
|
Term
| Name of the pigment molecule that absorbs excess energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the place where P680 is located |
|
|
Term
| The location of oxidation of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Products of photosynthesis |
|
Definition
O2 produced in the thylakoid lumen by the oxidation of water
ATP produced in stroma by an H+ gradient
NADPH produced in stroma from high-energy e- |
|
|
Term
| Cyclic photophosphorilation |
|
Definition
| Produces only ATP. High-energy e- sent back through PS1 |
|
|
Term
| Calvin Cycle inputs/outputs |
|
Definition
Inputs: ATP, NADPH
Outputs: carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carbon fixation
reduction and carbohydrate production
regeneration of RuBP |
|
|
Term
| carbon fixation (inputs/outputs) |
|
Definition
| CO2 becomes incorporated into RuBP. Product is 2 3PGs |
|
|
Term
| reduction and carbohydrate production |
|
Definition
input: ATP, 3PG, NADPH
output: G3P |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
input: 10 G3P, 6 ATP
output: 6 RuBP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reverses the effects of photosynthesis. occurs most often in hot & dry conditions |
|
|
