Which type of cable consists of hair thin glass or plastic strands and transmits on beams of laser light?

Fiber Optic Cables

Which of the following is the correct order of

cable systems into a household?

Headend, Trunk, Feeder, Drop

Which type of transmission line remains a primary

method for relaying TV programs by wire?

Coaxial Cable

The cable industry developed a device known as a

"CableCARD" which can be inserted into:

TV Receivers, STBs, and DVRs

Who is credited with writing the WWW software?

Tim Berners-Lee

The Internet began in the late 1960s

as a government-sponsored computer network called:

ARPANET

Which of the following is an example of democratization of media?

a. youtube

b. tivo

c. blogs

d. a and c only

e. all of the above

 E. ALL OF THE ABOVE 

When the cable television channel spike tv found out that a sizable

percentage of the audience was female, it made changes to its

programming in an attempt to make its audience more homogeneously

male in order to attract advertisers it is called:

a.  downsizing

b. vertical integration

c. narrow casting

d. horizontal integration

e. convergence

C. NARROW CASTING 

When two companies work together to create major

benefits for both sides it is called:

a. synergy

b. time shifting

c. diversification

d. consolidation

e. none of the above

a.  SYNERGY

Sirius and XM's merger is considered which:

a. diversification

b. consolidation

c. vertical integration

d.  broadcasting

e.none of the above

b. consolidation

The pendulum newspaper has begun to incorporate video clips about

news stories on their website. this is an example of:

a. vertical integration

b. consolidation

c. narrow casting

d. diversification

e. democratization of media

d. diversification

Which of the following are traditional "players" in mass media:

a. newspapers

b. telephone

c. satellite tv

d. both a and b

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Who is the head of the chain of Legal Authority?

a. President

b. Constitution

c. Public

d. Courts

e. Congress

b. Constitution

What was the main idea of the Telecommunications Act of 1996?

A law that reduced media ownership restrictions

What do processing rules do?

They spell out which decisions staff members may settle and which must go to commissioners

A regime adopted by the Commission, broadcast licensees, cable system operators and other multichannel video programming distributors are prohibited from engaging in employment discrimination.

What is this? 

The Equal Employment Opportunity Act

Radio stations are no longer limited in the number of

radio and television and stations they can own.

What act made this possible?

Telecommunications Act of 1996

What bureau was established in 2006 in response to

the terrorist attacks in 2001 and hurricane Katrina in 2005?

Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau

Which of the following limit their appeal to specific audience

segments or are known as niche services?

a. CNN

b. MTV

c. Nickelodeon

d. Home Shopping Network

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Frank is a stay at home dad who has certain opinion about what he wants to see on television. To secure his viewership, a smart cable station should analyze his _________.

a. niche audience

b. demographics

c. television viewing statistics

d. psychographic

e. B and D

e. B and D

PrimeTime programming is the _______ segment and is

located between the hours of ___________.

a.most important, 5-7 pm

b. commands the largest audience, 12-2 am

c. generates the most revenue, 8-10 pm

d. least popular segment, 2-4 pm

e. none of the above

c. generates the most revenue, 8-10 pm

If a station focuses on serving one group all the time during their broadcast then they are demonstrating _____________.

a. syndicated programming

b. vertical programming

c. horizontal programming 

d. permissive programming

e. none of the above

b vertical programming

The purpose of __________ is to generate an

audience in order to make money.

a. broadcasting

b. programming

c. syndicated outlets

d. advertising

c. none of the above

b. programming

Which of the following is not a noncommercial source of funding?

a. funding from non-profit groups

b. underwriting

c. indirect federal funding (CPB)

d. paid programming

e. corporate/foundation grants

d. paid programming

  “This program brought to you in part by.....”

is an example of?

a. spot

b. underwriting

c. avail

d. niche content

e. none of the above

b. Underwriting

The EAS stands for:

a. Eastern Atlantic Systems

b. Emergency Advancement System

c. Eastern Alert System

d. Emergency Alert System

e. Elite Atlantic Sources

d. Emergency Alert System

The National Programming Service (NPS) provides all but what to member stations of PBS?

a. arts programming

b. public-affairs programming

c. documentaries

d. children's programming

e. advertisement

e. Advertisement

Commercials are advertisements for ____________; and PSAs are commercials for ___________ organizations.

a. non-profit; profit

b. commercial; non-commerical

c. profit; non-profit

d. non-commercial; profit

e. none of the above

c. profit; non-profit

Non-commercial broadcasting is

motivated by ______ instead of for _________.

a. ratings; substance

b. people; merit

c. money; public interest

d. public service; profit

e. none of the above

d. public service; profit

What are ratings?

Estimates of the number of households

into a certain channel 

(often expressed in percentages)

What is the difference between a format and a genre?

Format refers to how the program is organized while genre refers to the type of content

Which of the following is not a difference

between local and network news?

Network news only covers global news.

Local news only covers local news.

A fictional show that depicts the "everyday situations" of a suburban family and their relationships would best fit in the genre called:

Sit-com

If you are watching a television show that features

someone answering questions for money, what genre

would you most likely categorize this show as?

Game Show

Which of the following do advertisers care most about?

a. ratings

b. shares

c. HUTs

d. cumes

e. none of the above

a. Ratings

What is a HUT?

a. Homes using televison

b. Households using television

c. Households under technology

d. Households utilizing technology

e. Homes utilizing television

b. Households using television

What are three aspects of rating research in regards to sampling?

a. behavioral sampling

b. time sampling

c. number of people sampled

d. A and B

e. all of the above

e. All of the above

How can you measure Internet use?

a. total numer of visitors or hits

b. average number of page views per visitor

c. average duration of visit to overall site

d. none of the above

e. all of the above

e. All of the above

Brenda's TV Network provider wants to gauge viewership by obtaining a sample of audiences with varying demographics and age ranges. They do this by looking at phone numbers. This is an example of:

a. sample size

b. random sampling

c. personal interviews

d. telephone recall

e. time sampling

b. Random Sampling

Joey has just published a website for his new business and wants to know which part of his business is attracting the most viewers. Which of the following unit of Internet measurement would be most helpful in obtaining this information?

a. average duration of visit to overall site
b. number of advertisement click-throughs
c. sequence of pages viewed from entry to exit
d. total number of visitors
e. most requested pages

e. Most requested pages

The band width of FM is:

200KHz (0.2MHz) wide

What is the highest AM channel?

1750 KHz

____________ was responsible for starting the

organization of electromagnetic waves

James C. Maxwell (Scotland)

Lee De Forest, the self proclaimed

"Father of Radio," invented what?

Audion Tube

How much is one cycle of a wave?

Hertz

What device was invented in the late 1970's that allowed viewers to tape their favorite programs and watch them later, also known as time shifting?

The VCR

Radiotelegraphy ; Radiotelphony

1. They radiate outward from a source without benefit of any discernible physical vehicle.

2. They travel at the same high velocity.

3. They have the properties of waves. 

Wave Frequency - all electromagnetic energy comes from an oscillating source. The number of separate waves produced each second determines a particular wave's frequency.

Wavelength - the distance from the origin of one wave to the origin of the next. 

On what spectrums are various forms of radio waves located?

(see diagram on page 67 of book)

MF (medium Frequency): AM radio

HF: Short wave radio

VHF: TV, FM Radio, TV

UHF: TV

What is mass media?

Samuel F. B. Morse

AT&T

James Clerk Maxwell

Heinrich Hertz

-The higher the frequency o the waves, the more the atmosphere absorbs their energy and the shorter distance the travel. (very small objects can interfere)

- Coverage areas are defined in terms of reception probability. (coverage contour)

-Waves divided into three types: direct, ground, sky. 

Direct - FM radio and TV frequencies in the VHF and UHF bands. Line-of-sighy path; the ravel directly from transmitter antenna to receiver antenna, reaching only about as far as horizon. 

Ground - AM radio on MF waves. Travel as ground waves, propagated through and along the surface of the earth. They can follow the earth's curvature beyond the horizon. Cover wider area, but are dependent on several variables, including soil conductivity. 

Sky - MF and HF band (AM radio and shortwave radio) when directed upward tend to bend back at an angle toward earth where they encounter the ionosphere. Otherwise known as refracted waves. Ionosphere's effectiveness varies with time of day and frequency.

Guglielmo Marconi

Vacuum Tube

This American inventor was responsible for added a third element to a vacuum tube, turning it into a triode (which is also know as an Audion)

Lee de Forest

______ was the first American company organized specifically to operate a broadcasting network

NBC 

(National Broadcasting Company)

Bit stands for binary digit. (system of 1's and 0's or on and off). 

Capacity of a digital channel is measured by the bit speed - the number of its per second that one channel can handle. Digitally processed signals inherently need wider channels than do the same signals in analog form. Sampling takes place at many thousands of times per second, and these thousands are in turn multiplied by number of binary digits it takes to represent each quantized value. (pg. 79)

In essence, digital processing converts a continuous signal into a series of samples that are given numerical values encoded as binary numbers. 

-The extreme simplicity of digitized signals protects them from many extraneous influences that distort analog signals. (digital signal cannot be distorted or misunderstood as long as difference between "off" and "on" can be discerned)

-Each new digital copy of digitally encoded sound or picture produces perfect replica of the original (triggers concerns over piracy)

-Because digitally processed info exists as binary digits, stored signal can be taken apart and reassembled at will in infinitely varied forms (possibility of manipulation is endless)

Radio Act of 1912

The Radio Act of 1927

Communications Act of 1934

Compression involves determining those portions of the original data that are necessary for adequately reconstructing the analog wave

Lossless compression: when all of the original information is reconstructed during reception

Lossy compression: some portions of original aud/vid analog wave contain info that humans do not consciously perceive. Compression techniques deleted this info without it being missed through a process called perceptual coding. This is called lossy compression. (pg. 81)

Lasers ; Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

This network provides customers with access to Video on Demand content.

Internet Protocol TV (IPTV)

Ultra High Frequency

Satellites orbit more than ________ miles above the earth.

22,000 miles

Satellites that appear to stay in one location above the Earth operate in a ________________ orbit - an orbital position directly above the equator at about 22,3000 miles.

Geostationary

Each satellite needs two groups of frequencies which are:

Uplinking (on-board reception)  

and

Downlinking (on-board transmission)

Communication satellites need five essential groups of hardware equipment, which are the following:

1. Transponders

2. Antennas

3. Power Supplies

4. Telemetering Devices

5. Small Thrusters

The Global System for Mobile Communications 

(GSM)

Plasma Display Panel (PDP)

The traditional commercial broadcast station can be defined as an entity (individ., partnership, corp., or nonfederal governmental authority) that:

• holds a license from the fed. govt. to organize and schedule programs for a specific community in accordance with an approved plan
• transmits those programs over the air, using designated radio frequencies in accordance with specified technical standards
• carries commercial messages that promote the products/services of profit-making orgs. for which the station receives compensation

1. General and administrative functions: payroll, accounting, housekeeping, purchasing (services any business needs to create an appropriate working environment)
2. Technical functions: usually supervised by station's chief engineer, center on transmitter operations, which must follow strict FCC rules, and the maintenence and operation of studio and news-gathering equipment
3. Programming functions: planning and implementation. This also includes promotion (creative services and marketing) and news (form of programming, usually constitutes separate dept)
4. Sales: divide into local and nat'l. Have own staff members to sell time to local and nat'l ads

This type of broadcasting was motivated by public service goals rather than by profit. 

Noncommercial Broadcasting

This principle reserved the lower portion of the FM band exclusively for educational uses - 20 channels (of the 100) running from 88 to 92 MHz

Reserved-Channels Principle

Public Broadcasting Act of 1967

The CBP launched its network in 1969-1970 calling it:

Public Broadcasting Service

(PBS)

-There is an important assumption that audiences will tolerate interruption of program for commercials or spots. 

-Media sells specified units of time within programs (avails) that range from 10 sec to 2 min

-Total # of avails per program that can be sold is referred to as program's inventory

-Avails clustered into program interruptions called breaks/pods

1. National Programming Service (NPS)

2. PBS Plus

3. PBS via Satellite

4. National Public Radio (NPR)

________ allows stations to air four or more standard-definition program streams at the same time, and/or various data and audio channels.

Multicast

Educational Television Facilities Act of 1962

Through this limited form of sponsorship, businesses prove program producer funds to cover at least some production costs for specific projects.

This is called:

  Underwriting

This term denotes the dividing/slicing of an audience into all types of geographic, demographic, and lifestyle categories. 

Segmentation 

The need to target people willing

and able to buy products and services

Audience Targeting

80/20 Principle

Business terms: that 20% of the products sold are responsible for the 80% of a company's profit

Blocks of time in which several

programs content may be offered. 

Dayparts

(radio programmers generally divide the day into morning drive, midday, afternoon drive, night, and overnight)

The most important segment;

Commands the largest audiences

Primetime

The movement of viewers or

listeners from one program to another 

Audience Flow

What are a few scheduling strategies that programmers use to exploit audience flow?

1. Counter-programming

2. Block Programming

3. Lead-In

4. Leading Out

5. Hot Switching

6. Hammock

7. Tent-pole

8. Bridging

9. Repetition

10. Stunting

There are two types of syndicated

programming, which are:

1. First Run: fresh programming/never has been on a network

2. Off-Network: program content that began on one of the major broadcast/cable networks before being made available in reruns to stations

This term usually denotes a type of conent

Genre

Name a few genres of programming mentioned in Chapter 8 in the book.

Situation Comedies, Crime Dramas, Medical Dramas, Movies, Music, Variety, Reality Programming, Soap Operas, Game Shows, Magazine Shows, Talk Shows, Home Shopping and E-Commerce, News and Information Programming, Public Affairs Programming, Sports Programming, and Children's Programming

According to the commerce clause,

the _______________ holds the head

position in the Chain of Legal Authority

The Constitution 

1. Behavior[al sampling]: researchers agreed years ago on a series of minimum measurable behavioral responses - turning on a receiver, selecting station/program, and later turning off set
2. Time [sampling]: takes advantage of repetitive daily and weekly cycles of most broadcast and cable programming. sample taken every few weeks or months from this continuous program suffices for most purposes
3. Number of People [sampled]: arises from the use of only hundreds or thousands of people to represent program choices of thousands/millions. 

The commerce clause gives Congress jurisdiction over ____________ and _____________ commerce.

Interstate ; Foreign

Five

Congress created a highly

flexible standard that limits FCC discretion.

This is called:

Public Interest, Convenience, or Necessity 

(PICON)

The FCC is made up of

eight Bureaus, which are labled:

Public Safety & Homeland Security

Wireline Competition

Enforcement

Wireless Telecommunications

Media

Consumer & Governmental

International

The FCC's Media Bureau is divided

up into five divisions, which are:

1. Audio: processes applications for construction permits, licenses, licenses renewals for radio stations

2. Video: processes the same, but for television

3. Policy: handles FCC proceedings that produce new rules

4. Industry Analysis: participates in proceedings regarding media ownership and economic aspects

5. Engineering: oversees the technical regulations of cable television systems.