Skeletal Muscle

Struc Control Location

Control: Voluntary

Structure: striated unbranched fibers, peripheral nuclei, syncytial.

Location: attached to skeleton

Cardiac Muscle

Struc Control Location

Control: Involuntary

Structure: weakly striated, branching fibers, central nuclei,

               intercalated discs.

Location: Heart and bases of large arteries

Visceral Muscle

Struc Control Location

Control: Involuntary

Struc: unstriated, central nuclei (one per cell), individual spindle

         shaped cell

Location: in walls of hollow organs

Endochondral Ossification

bone deposition w/n preexisting fetal hyaline cartilage

forms endochondral (replaces inside cartilage) bone

Intramembranous Ossification

bone deposition in membrane w/o pre-existing cartilage

i.e. roof of skull, facial bones, frontals, parietals, nasals

forms membranous (dermal) bone

Classes of Organic Compounds

c l a n  

Carbohydrates: sugars ie glucose

Lipids: lipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, steroids, prostoglandins 

          ie Vit D

Amines & Proteins: amino acids, histamines, catecholamines   

                            ie epinephrine

Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids: ie DNA

Functions of Integument

Protection: stratum corneum is a barrier to most pathogens and

                produces lysozyme (lysol)

Prevents H2O Loss: keratinized s.c. makes skin relatively

                            impermeable to H2O

Thermoregulation: through sweat, vaso X or O, direct

                           convection/conduction.

Synthesis of Vit D: formed in dehydrocholesterol when UV light

                           hits skin

Functions of Skeleton

• Support: rigidity resist gravity
• Musc anchors: forms levers for musc locomotion and mvt.
• Protection: of internal organs ie skull/ribs
• Storage: Ca & P reserves
• Hemopoiesis: in red marrow (myeloid tissue)
• Respiration: ribs help produce negative pressure in thorax

Functional Neurons

• Sensory: xmit sens impulses fr receptors to CNS.
• Interneurons: conx sens & motor w/n CNS
• Motor: xmit impulses from CNS to effectors ie muscles/glands

Metabolism

• sum of all chemical rxns and processes in the body
• Anabolic: syntesis rxns require energy input (anabolic steroids)
• Catabolic: breakdown rxns produce energy (thyroxine)

Nucleotide Subunits

• 5 C sugar
• 1 Phospate
• nitrogen base ATCG (U)

DNA vs. RNA

• deoxy ribose vs. ribose
• double strand vs. single strand
• thyamine vs. uracil

Levels of Protein Struc

• Primary: amino acid sequence genetically determined from DNA
• Secondary: strand randomly twisted into helix or Β pleated sheets.
• Tertiary: complex 3D shape due to R struc
• Quaternary: several stranded complete protein

Protein Denaturation

disruption of 3rd or 4th struc

heat/chem alters protein properties often leaving it useless

Cartilage Types

• Hyaline: costal, trachea, fetal skeleton
• Elastic: ear auricle, epiglottis
• Fibrocartilage: intrevertrebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee

Muscle Contraction

(bouton to sarcolemma)

• Action Potential arrives at bouton
• opens Ca++ gates and Ca++ rushes in
• synaptic vesicles in bouton fuse w mem.
• release ACh into synapse
• ACh diffuses across and binds w receptor
• ions flow through membrane and change charge

Muscle Contraction

(sarcolemma to ctrx)

• AP runs across sarcolemma and down transverse tubules
• AP in t.tubules cause release of Ca++ from SR
• Ca++ concentration threshold = 1.0x10^-6 M
• Ca++ binds to troponin on tmyosin on actin
  
• Tropomyosin shifts and opens crossbridge binding sites for myosin heads
• Contraction is sustained while ATP and Stim is available
  

Telencephalon

Cerebrum: personality, higher order emotions, reason & analytics, learning &memory, spatial & artistic, speech & language, visual processing

Olfactory Bulbs: receive and process incoming olfactory impulses to provide sense of smell

Diencephalon

Epithalamus: produces and regulates melatonin

Thalamus: short term memory and awareness of tactile stim

Hypothalamus: ♥, gastrointestinal/feeding, thermoreg, osmoreg, sleep/wakefulness, sex, emotion, endocrine

Mesencephalon

Corpora quadrigemina: superior colliculi - visual reflex, inferior colliculi - auditory reflex

Motor Nuclei: red-conx cerebellum to percentral gyrus, subtantia nigra-dopaminergic inhibs invol mot spasms

Cerebral Peduncles: conx cerebrum to lower brain via thalamus

Metencephalon

Cerebellum: coordinates complex learned motor patterns and maintains equilibrium during

Pons: links cerebellar hems(vermis), cerebrum to medulla via thalamus(middle peduncles), chewing, eye & face mvt, hearing, equilibrium, speech. apneustic(interrupts) and pneumotaxic (stim resp)

Myelencephalon

(medulla oblongata)

nuclei emergent of C nerves 8-12

Vital Functions:
Cardiac: ctrls ♥ rate, strength. ctrld by cvc of hypothalamus
Vasomotor: ctrls vaso X/O. cvc of hypothalamus
Repirator Rhymicity: ctrls rhythm of in&expiration. rate ctrld by A&P of pons.

nerve path from brain to body. nerves cross over.

Struc of Mitochondrion

Fluid mosaic model Struc

Fluid Mosaic Model

Notes

• membrane consist of fluid lipid bilayer w/ a mosaic of imbedded proteins
• Lipids: phospho & cholesterol 1:1
• Protiens: (cream) channel, receptor*, enzyme, adhesion, marker*

* oligosaccharides aid funct

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

  8  saccular=acinar

Location of Exocrine Glands

• simple tubular: intestinal glands
• simple branched tubular: gastric glands
• simple coiled tubular: eccrine sweat glands
• simple acinar: seminal vesicles
• simple branched acinar: sebaceous glands
• compound tubular: bulbourethral glands
• compound acinar: mammary glands
• compound tubuloacinar: pancreas

Xsec of Skin

Skeletal Musc Struc

Cardaic Musc Struc

Visceral Musc Struc

Lamellar Bone Struc

Hyaline Cartilage Struc

Elastic Cartliage Struc