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| Labour party emerged in ? |
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Definition
| 1922 emerged to challenge Liberal party and take over their voters and moved more left towards socialist views. Over all Britain became more inclined towards welfare policies in after math of WWI. |
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| Beginning of British rearmament |
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| 1932 - British policy in the Far East faces a crisis in 1932, when the Japanese attacked Shanghai. Of all British foreign investment, 6% is in China and two thirds of that is in Shanghai. As a result, the Ten Year Rule is dropped. (It said the military planning should assume that no war would take place in the next ten years.) The Cabinet authorises a modest increase in the Royal Navy budget based on the assumption that there might a war with Japan sometime within the next decade, through constraints imposed by the Great Depression limit how much money will be spent. Beginning of British rearmament. |
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| Second London Naval Conference |
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| 1935- japan walked out. US, GB and France signed declaring a six-year holiday on building large light cruisers in the 8,000 to 10,000 ton range. |
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| The World Disarmament Conference |
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| 1932-1934 : The League of Nations-sponsored disarmament conference meets at Geneva, with 60 nations in attendance, including the United States. However, this conference, like it's predecessors, fails to secure any agreement, and organized disarmament remains an unaccomplished goal. |
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| Britain suspends it WWI debt payments to the US |
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| Imperial Preference / Ottawa conference 1932 |
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| Tariff system of preferrence installed. |
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| Hitler becomes german Chancellor |
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| 1934 - A secret report by the Defence Requirements Committee identifies Germany as the "ultimate potential enemy"; calls for Continental expeditionary force of five mechanised divisions and fourteen infantry divisions. Budget restraints prevent formation of this large force.[ |
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| Abyssinian crisis and Hoare-Laval Pact |
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Definition
| Italy attacked Abyssinia (Ethiopia) 1935-1936 with conflicts preceding the invasion. The League of Nations failed in solving the problem. Without success Britain along with France proposed Hoare-Laval Pact 1935 to partition Abyssinia and give Italy Abyssinia as an colony to appease it and to maneuver from antagonizing Italy or even turning to Germnay and Japan. |
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1935 - Mussolini invited British and French to Stresa. Agreement was raged- these three powers promised they would move together against actions that would endanger peace in Europe.
Hitler already came clean about his Luftwaffe and conscription. Mussolini was nearing the invasion of Abyssinia. |
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Term
| The Anglo-Cerman Naval Agreement |
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Definition
June 1935 - The emptiness of the Stresa declaration became apparent two months later when Britain signed her bilateral Naval Agreement with Germany. Without prior consultation with France or Italy, Britain agreed to allow the Germans to build a fleet of up to 35% of the size of the Royal Navy.The Anglo-Cerman Naval Agreement, June 1935
35:100 was against the Naval Agreements without consultations with France, and others |
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| in Palestine in 1937 drained some manpower from Britain that would have been useful against Germany. |
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| 1940 lost and evacuated in the Battle of France, recaptured in 1944 |
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| Moscow Conference - closer ties between GB and USSR |
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| 1941. The Lend-Lease policy, formally titled "An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States", (Pub.L. 77–11, H.R. 1776, 55 Stat. 31, enacted March 11, 1941)[1] was a program under which the United States supplied Free France, the United Kingdom, the Republic of China, and later the USSR and other Allied nations with food, oil, and materiel between 1941 and August 1945. This included warships and warplanes, along with other weaponry. It was signed into law on March 11, 1941 and ended in September 1945. In general the aid was free, although some hardware (such as ships) were returned after the war. In return, the U.S. was given leases on army and naval bases in Allied territory during the war. |
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| Yalta Conference, Potsdam Conference,Churchill replaced by Attlee as PM... |
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| 1943 - the first meeting involving FDR, Churchill and Stalin. The decision to attack Germany from the Western front rather than via the Mediterranean was made here. |
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| 1945: The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, held from February 4 to 11, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization. |
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| 1945: July to August. The aim of the conference (USSR, USA, GB) was to settle the postwar arrangement and clarify the way the defeated Nazi Germany would be administered afterwards. Towards the end of the conference, the ultimatum to Japan was issued an ultimatum: Japan was given an ultimatum to surrender (in the name of the United States, Great Britain and China) or meet "prompt and utter destruction", which did not mention the new bomb. Prime minister Kantarō Suzuki did not respond. |
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Term
| The Defence White Paper of March |
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Definition
The Defence White Paper of March 1935 declared that the 'principal role' of the RAF was 'to provide for the protection of the United Kingdom and particularly London against air attack.'
the production of bombers whose role in war would be to attack German cities in retaliation for any air assault on Britain. This strategy underpinned the government's reluctance to send the Army into Europe again - if we could bomb the Germans into submission, we "would not need to send soldiers to fight them. |
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Term
| 1) Military strategy of defense in 1934-1938; 2) late 1930's |
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Definition
Mostly strategy of bombing Germany into submission as a retaliation in case of attack. No boots on the ground. Later this strategy changed into defensive strategy due to development of Spitfire and Hurricane capable to shoot down a bomber aircrafts and radar stations set up as a early warning system.
However german capability was miscalculated. It was believed that Germany could inflict high number of civilian casualties by bombing and it was feared that would drive civilians into calls for armistice. Defensive strategy was also more appeasing to Hitler. To have the capability to bomb England required Germany to posses the low land countries. Which eventually, it did (e.i. Belgium). |
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| Naval treaties limited British capability to attend to its Empire. It was not just Treasury penny-pinching and government strategic priorities that weakened the Royal Navy. Its tactical thinking was somewhat conservative. Naval planners continued to underestimate the vulnerability of warships to air attack, and insufficient emphasis was given to the construction and deployment of aircraft carriers. When the war began in 1939 Britain possessed only six aircraft carriers, four of which were converted warships. |
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| At first the strategy was one of precision targeting of military targets. After destructive raids on Coventry the RAF shifted to a new strategy of area bombing while cities i.e. Mannheim and night time "terror raids", firestorms i.e. fire-bombing. |
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| Great fortress but with no navy to defend it. Plan was to move navy from Europe in case of need. But when Japan attacked the fleet was fully occupied with defense of Britain itself. It was lost to Japan in 1942. |
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| British army was expected to defend much larger territories than before WWI and yet its funding and sheer numbers were less than before the WWI. The public also remembered the massive loss of life at Somme which agreed with the government military budget cuts. |
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| Factors of pro-appeasement |
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Definition
| war weariness, pacifism, economic difficulties, lack of war readiness, sympathies for hitler and Mussolini, miscalculation of German military mightiness, political pressure to aim policies towards moderation in order to be elected/ re-elected, welfare drains, threat of communism and Germany could be a buffer, |
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| Invasion of Manchuria by Japan=Manchurian crisis |
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| 1931, rebuked by LoNs but no effective action taken; the disarmament conferences were still ongoing (1932-34) so UK could not begin rearmament till 1934. |
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| Japan full scale invasion of China |
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| British troops needed in Palestine |
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| 1938 - austria annaxed to Germany |
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| Winston Churchill and Anthony Eden |
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start: UK declares war 3 September 1939 (1 September 1939 German attack on Poland)
end: 15 May 1945 (in European Theater)
and
2 September 1945 (unconditional surrender of Japan) |
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| British bomb French Fleet |
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Definition
| 1940 after French fleer stationed in port in North Africa (Algeria) refuses to surrender their ships in British or American or neutral port. Churchill refuses to wait and orders the destruction to prevent Germans from seising these ships. |
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| British National Government |
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Definition
| or a coalition government |
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1922 after the Egyptian revolt UK gives Egypt independence (previous British protectorate) and Sudan will be administered as a joint Anglo-Egyptian condominium. Military presence in Egypt remain and so its independence was actually minimal.
1936 treaty signed tha Britain will remove most of its troops except those necessary to defend and aminister Suez. |
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| Anglo-Polish Mutual Defense Alliance |
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| August 25. 1939; few weeks later Germany attacked Poland. UK didn't come to Polish aid but it , along with France, declared war on Germany. |
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Term
| German-Soviet Non-agression Pact |
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Definition
| August 23 1939; or the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact; also divided Europe into sphere of Soviet and German influence..including Poland split between them |
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Allies vs. Japan; The immediate cause of World War II in the Pacific was the Japanese attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Going back a little further, the cause was really United States opposition to Japanese expansion in southeast Asia and the Pacific.
On August 8, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria. After Japan agreed to surrender on August 14, 1945, American forces began to occupy Japan. Japan formally surrendered to the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union on September 2, 1945. |
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