Term
Presente Del Indicativo
(Present Tense -AR) |
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Definition
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Term
Presente Del Indicativo
(Present Tense -ER) |
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Definition
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Term
Presente Del Indicativo
(Present Tense -IR) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| actions that are currently happening, to note current conditions or traits, to describe customary events, and, at times - to tell what will happen in the not-too-distant future (Mañana salgo para Oaxaca - Tomorrow I'm leaving for Oaxaca) |
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Term
| Stem-Changing Form (aka Boot Verbs) |
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Definition
Stem changes:
e->ie
o->ue
e->i
Change occurs in all but first and second person plural |
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Term
| Spelling-Changers (not stem changing) |
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Definition
Changed to preserve pronounciation
cer-zo (ex. torcer->tuerzo 1st person)
cer/cir-zco (concer->conozco 1st)
ger/gir-jo (dirigir->dirijo 1st)
uir-uyo (construir->construyo all the way through follows 'boot verb' rule)
guir-go (seguir->sigo, sigues, sigue, seguimos, seguís, siguen)... i hate seguir |
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Term
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Definition
caber-quepo (1st person only)
caer-caigo (1st person only)
dar-doy (1st person)
decir-digo (1st)
estar-estoy (1st)
hacer-hago (1st)
ir-voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van (no accents)
oír-oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen
poner-pongo (-go)
saber-sé (1st)
salir-salgo (-go)
ser-soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son (no accents)
tener-tengo (-go)
valer-valgo (-go)
venir-vengo (-go)
ver-veo (1st) |
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Term
El pretérito
(Preterite Tense -AR) |
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Definition
-é -amos
-aste -asteis
-ó -aron |
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Term
El pretérito
(Preterite Tense -ER and -IR) |
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Definition
-í -imos
-iste -isteis
-ió -ieron |
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Term
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Definition
| to describe completed action in the past. Ending in the past (not habit). |
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Term
| Stem-Changing in the Preterite |
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Definition
-AR and -ER do NOT change
-IR have a one letter vowel change in the thier person singular and plural |
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Term
| Spelling-Changers in Preterite |
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Definition
car-qué (ex. buscar-busqué)
gar-gué (pagar-pagué)
zar-cé (alzar-alcé)
eer-eyó (leer-leyó and leyeron 3 person)
oír-oyó (oír- oyó and oyeron 3 person)
uir-uyó (huir-hugó and huyeron 3 person) |
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Term
| 19 verbs that you must memorize because they are irregular in preterite |
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Definition
andar-anduve
caber-cupe
conducir-conduje
dar-di
decir-dije
estar-estuve
hacer-hice (hizo* 3s)
ir-fui
poder-pude
poner-puse
producir-produje
querer-quise
saber-supe
ser-fui
tener-tuve
traducir-tradje
traer-traje
venir-vine
ver-vi |
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Term
| how to conjurgate irregular verbs in the preterite |
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Definition
-e -imos
-iste -isteis
-o -ieron*
*(except when there is an j ... then this is eron) |
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Term
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Definition
| question words - always have accents |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Where?
To where?
From where? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The infamous Qué vs. Cuál/Cuáles |
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Definition
Ok, I dont get it too much be here goes nothing (the ba spin will be in " so dont live by the ""s)
- Que asks for a definition or identification (classification) before ser "has one set answer"
-Cuál asks for a selection (clarification) before ser. The book says to substitute "has a lot of possible answers"
Now heres the easy part (*this overrules the first rule):
-Que comes before a noun
-Cual comes before de |
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Term
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Definition
y changes to e before an i or hi (but it stays a y for hie words... tricky)
o changes to u before o or ho
"o...o" translates to either or
"ni..ni" translate to neither nor |
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Term
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Definition
-yo (I)
-tú (you)
-él/ella/Ud(he/she/you)
-nosotros/as (we)
-vosotros/as (all of you)
-ellos/ellas/uds (them/you all) |
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Term
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Definition
obviously everything before that was ch1 see text for other examples of it
(im copying rules straight from the text in order) |
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Term
El Imperfecto
(Imperfect Tense - AR) |
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Definition
-aba -abámos
-abas -abais
-aba -aban |
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Term
El Imperfecto
(Imperfect Tense -ER and -IR) |
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Definition
-ía -íamos
-ías -íais
-ía -ían |
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Term
| Only three words are irregular in the Imperfect! (no boot or spelling changers) |
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Definition
ir-iba, ibas, iba, íbamos(note accent) ibais, iban
ser-era, eras, eran, éramos(accent), erais, eran
ver-veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían |
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Term
| When to use the Imperfect Tense |
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Definition
| It is a past tense, used to describe actions that weren't completed. To make descriptions, and to describe habits. TIME IS ALWAYS IN IMPERFECT! |
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Term
| El perterito vs. El Imperfecto |
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Definition
Preterite-single, complete evets, the beginning or ending point of an action, when you tell how long something was done
Imperfect-ihncomplete ongoing events, description, telling time in past, habits |
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Term
| Words that change meanings in the preterite |
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Definition
concí-I met (to keep it I knew use imperfect concía)
supe-I found out (I knew=sabía)
no quise-I refused (I didn't want/like=no quería)
hubo-there occurred ... an event (There was=había)*these are always singular when describing an event* |
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Term
When to use El Progresivo
(Progressive tense) |
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Definition
| extra emphasis to an act that is actually in progress - event that is ocurring at the exact momement the speaker is describing it. Look out for: ahora, ahora mismo, en este (or ese) moment |
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Term
| El Progresivo can be formed with three different verbs. |
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Definition
| estar, seguir or continuar in the present OR imperfect tense (they are both the progressive) + -ando, or iendo for -IR and -ER verbs (present participle) |
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Term
| wierd -IR verbs in the present partibiple (-iendo) |
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Definition
-IR boot verbs change one letter (same as thier third person in preterite) one ER is wierd poder=pudiendo
-i changes to y between two vowels (leer=leyendo) and "ir" changes to yendo
-and -ñir verbs (like we know them...) are not ñiendo, they drop the i (ñendo) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| wierd -IR verbs in the present partibiple (-iendo) |
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Definition
-IR boot verbs change one letter (same as thier third person in preterite) one ER is wierd poder=pudiendo
-i changes to y between two vowels (leer=leyendo) and "ir" changes to yendo
-and -ñir verbs (like we know them...) are not ñiendo, they drop the i (ñendo) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| affirmative "tu" commands |
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Definition
third person sigular form of the present indiactive "habla"
irregulars:
decir-di
hacer-haz
ir and ver-ve
ponder-pon
salir-sal
ser-sé
tener-ten
tener-ten
venir-ven |
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Term
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Definition
*all negatives are given in subjuctive
"no hables"
*remember how to form subjuctive-first person in present then opposite endings (watch out for -go verbs) |
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Term
| affirmative "vosotros/as" commands |
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Definition
| take off the -r from the infinative and add d, when its reflexsive take off the -r and add -os (put accent on IR verbs = vestir, vestíos) |
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Term
| negative "vosotros/as" commands |
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Definition
again in the subjuctive
"no habléis"
*AR and ER verbs have no stem-changes in the subjunctive, IR changes one letter in the vosotros/as commands. |
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Term
When a verb follows a preposition it is always in the infinative.
Prepositions besides de ... |
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Definition
a-at, to
ante-before
antes de-before
bajo-below
con-with
contra-against
de-of, from
desde-since, from
en-in, on
entre-between, among
hacia-towards
hasta-until
para-by, for
por-by, for
según-according to
sin-without
sobre-about
tras-behind
*infinative after all of these!* |
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Term
| After a preposition following pronouns are used: |
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Definition
-mí (me)
-ti (you)
-él, ella, ud. (him, her, you) ello = it (nueter form)
-nosotros/as (us)
-vosotros/as (all of you)
-ellos, ellas, uds (them, all of you) |
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Term
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Definition
conmigo = with me
contigo = with you |
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Term
| Reflexsive pronouns after prepositions |
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Definition
-mí (myself)
-ti (yourself)
-sí (him/herself)
-nosotros/as (ourselves)
-vosotros/as (yourselves)
-sí (themselves)
*often followed by mismo/a/os/as for emphasis* |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Uses of el presente perfecto
(Present Perfect) |
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Definition
| to describe actions beun in the past that, from the speakers perspective hav e finished recently or have coninued until now |
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Term
| How to form el presente perfecto |
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Definition
haber in the present tense
-he
-has
-ha
-hemos
-habéis
-han
and the past participle (-ado, -ido)
*never break up haber and -ado .... put the reflexsive before haber* |
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Term
| Irregulars in the Past Participle |
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Definition
romper-roto
escribir-escrito
volver-vuelto
ver-visto
morir-muerto
abrir-abierto
cubrir-cubierto
poner-puesto
hacer-hecho
decir-dicho
descubrir-descubierto
(Rev. Mac who has a PHD) |
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Term
Uses of the pluscuamperfecto
(past perfect) |
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Definition
| describe an action begun in the past before a specific point in time or before another action began (ba translated "the paster of the past) its the phrase before "antes de" before |
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Term
| Forming the pluscuamperfecto |
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Definition
imperfect of haber
-había
-habías
-había
-habíamos
-habíais
-habían
and the past perfect (-ado, -ido) |
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Term
Uses of the Futuro
(future) |
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Definition
| descrive actions that will occur subsequent to the present time. three different kinds |
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Term
| Three forms of the future |
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Definition
1. present indicative - tell when the action will occur (they are arriving tomm, they are coming later)
2. immediate future - present of ir (voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van) + a + infinative - immediate going to happen
3. true future - events further ahead than immediate future ... see next card |
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Term
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Definition
add:
-é -emos
-ás -éis
-á -án
to the infinatives (watch out for irregulars) |
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Term
| irregulars in the future and conditional |
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Definition
decir-diré
hacer-haré
caber-cabré
haber-habré
poder-podré
querer-querré
saber-sabré
poner-pondré
salir-saldré
tener-tendré
valer-valdré
venir-vendré |
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Term
| uses of the future perfect |
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Definition
| describ ing an event that will tkae place before another event or time in the future (the farthest away future) |
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Term
| how to form the future perfect |
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Definition
future of haber
-habré
-habrá
-habrás
-habremos
-habréis
-habrán
+the past participle (-ado, ido... and the irregulars) |
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Term
| Uses of the Condititional |
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Definition
| used to explain what would happen in a hypothetical situation, "the future of the past", used when making a polite request |
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Term
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Definition
add the endings onto the infinative:
-ía
-ías
-ía
-íamos
-íais
-ían
*same irregulars as future |
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Term
| Uses of the Conditional Perfect |
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Definition
| describes an event that would have taken placve if something else had happened (ba translated "if you see two verbs following the if clause "si hubiera comprado" this is the only time you have to use the future conditional... all other times use the conditional") |
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Term
| Forming the Conditional Perfect |
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Definition
haber in the conditional tense:
-habría
-habrías
-habría
-habríamos
-habríais
-habrían
and the past participle (-ado, -ido and irregulars) |
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Term
Los participios pasados comom adjetivos
(past participles as adjectives) |
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Definition
this is the ONLY TIME you make the past participle (-ado, -ido, irregulars) agree with the noun it is describing.
ends are -o/a/os/as |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| uses el presente del subjuntivo |
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Definition
| all formal commands (ud), all negative commands and nosotros commands |
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Term
| Present Subjunctive in indirect commands |
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Definition
theses arent commands, they are implyed. look out for these phrases
-aconsejar que (advise)
-decir que (tell- only when giving a command not when retelling)
-desear que (desire)
-escribir que (write- only for commands)
-esperar que (hope)
-exigir que (demand)
-insistir en que (insist)
-mandar que (order)
-pedir que (ask)
-permitir que (permit)
-preferir que (prefer)
-prohibir que (prohibit)
-querer que (want)
-recomendar que (recommend)
-rogar (ue) que (beg)
-sugerir (ie) que (suggest) |
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Term
| Forming the Regular AR Present Subjunctive |
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Definition
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Term
| Forming the Regular ER and IR Present Subjunctive |
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Definition
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Term
| Stem Changing Subjunctive |
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Definition
| AR and ER and regular boot verbs ... IR is regular boot AND ontop of that in the nosotros and vosotros tense it changes one letter |
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Term
| Irregular verbs in the Subjunctive |
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Definition
keeps the same stem all the way through
caber-quepa
caer-caiga
decir-diga
hacer-haga
oir-oiga
poner-ponga
salir-salga
tener-tenga
valir-valga
venir-venga
ver-vea |
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Term
| Spell Changers in the Subjunctive |
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Definition
car-que
cer-za (cocer, torcer, vencer)
cer/cir-zca (conocerm paracer, conducir, producir, traducir)
gar-gue
ger/gir-ja
guir-ga
uir-uya
zar-ce |
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Term
| 6 Irregular irregulars in the subjunctive |
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Definition
dar-dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den
estar-esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén
haber-haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan
ir-vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan
saber-sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan
ser-sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean |
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Term
Los pronombres complementos
(Object Pronouns) |
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Definition
direct- me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las
indirect-me, te, le, nos, os, les
reflexsive-me, te, se, nos, os, se
*order is RID ... reflexsive, indirect, direct
*when attaching to a nosotros affirmative command drop the s (hablamonos) |
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Term
| You can attach pronouns 3 places ... MUST attach one time |
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Definition
MUST MUST attach affirmative command
can attach to infinative and present participles (the -ando ones)
*le (indirect), changes to se infront of a direct object that begins with an l (lo,la,los,las) |
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Term
| Los acontecimientos inesperados (accidentals) |
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Definition
| se + me, te, le, nos, os, les + verb + subject |
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Term
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Definition
1. tanto, tanta, tantos, tantas + noun + como
2. tan + adjective/adverb + como
3. verb + tanto + como |
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Term
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Definition
1. más/menos + noun + que
2. más/menos + adj/adverb + que
3. verb + más/menos + que |
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Term
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Definition
peor=worse
mejor=better
menor=younger
mayor=older |
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Term
| Unequal Comparisons using numbers |
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Definition
1. you would say más/menos de when comparing the same thing "i have more/less than four books"
2. saying más/menos que would be comparing different things "i have more/less than four books... i might have some guitars" er w/e
*BUT WHEN THE SETENCE IS NEGATIVE*
1. saying no tengo más de followed by a number means I have no more than this number (this number is the maximum of what i have)
2. saying no tengo más que followed by a number means this is what i have exactly. "i have only this number"
see pg101. |
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Term
| Unequal Comparisions with a new verb following "que" |
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Definition
if the second part of an unequal comparison has a new verb you will use "del que", "de los que", "de la que", "de las que", or the nueter "de lo que" - we will get to this one later -
"she spends more money than she earns = gasta mas diner DEL QUE gana"
ok i think we got it |
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Term
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Definition
ok bethanne figured this one out good.
1. when the object and the verb changes "I studied more than you can imagine" verb changed from studied to imagine and object changed from i to you, use de lo que.
*OR*
2. if you see that you are comparing an adverb or an adjective you must use de lo que. "I write more slowly than I think" you do not NEED a change in the subject. *got this right from the book i know its good*
pg101 if you are still confused tho |
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