Term
| How many known diseases are there that affect honeybees? How many are serious? |
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Definition
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Term
| 30-40% of the work of beekeeping is... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most damaging of the brood diseases? Why? |
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Definition
American Foul Brood (AFB)
- Infectious and highly contagious
- larvae and pupae decay and rot |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of AFB? |
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Definition
-Brood pattern is scattered (no continuity)
- punctured, darkened, sunken cappings (because dead larvae lose water)
- workers notice; open cells to remove
- larvae morphology and colour change
- odour of rotten fish
- sometimes see pupal tongue protruding through cell (only if near full development
- dark scale formed (after ~4wks), and adheres tightly to cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae
- spore forming
- gram positive |
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Term
| True or False: AFB spores are very resistant and remain viable for no more than 69 years |
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Definition
| False: The spores ARE very resistant but remain viable for at LEAST 69 years |
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Term
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Definition
| They are protective shells that surround the bacteria for at least 69 years |
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Term
| When can antibiotics kill Paenibacillus larvae? |
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Definition
| When the bacteria are out of their spores |
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Term
| List the ways AFB can be transmitted (4 ways) |
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Definition
1) when bees rob honey that has spores present
2) queens and workers carry spores
3) exchanging combs between colonies (if inspector doesn't inspect well enough)
4)feeding honey or pollen that has a spores... better to feed with a sugar syrup |
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Term
| When will AFB disease develop? |
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Definition
- If present on cells already
- if fed to larvae by nurse bees accidentally |
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Term
| What are the stages of AFB development? |
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Definition
1) Larvae <48hrs become infected (no effect once older)
2) Paenibacillus germinates
3) P. larvae multiplies in intestine/haemolymph
4) Septicemia (b/c toxins are released)
5) Death (usually post cell-capping) |
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Term
| What happens to a brood cell when contained larvae die? |
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Definition
| The cell is not reused for brood, it is filled with honey, and the honey becomes infected. |
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Term
| What is the most reliable, definite field test? |
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Definition
Ropy condition test
- remove capping and put toothpick in cell, mix, then withdraw slowly
- if "cheesy string" more than 1 inch - 99% sure AFB |
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Term
| What must happen to a hive in North America if it has AFB? |
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Definition
| It gets burned, so a proper diagnosis is KEY! |
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Term
| Preventative measures of AFB |
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Definition
- treat all colonies with oxytetracycline and powdered sugar in spring and fall
- stop toxins 4 wks before honey flow
- buffer; only takes 2 wks to breakdown |
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Term
| Why does Ernesto disagree with the Ontario's laws of AFB prevention? |
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Definition
He promotes antibiotic resistance, but it costs more.
- leads to less obvious cases/symptoms |
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Term
| How does a lab diagnosis assess AFB? |
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Definition
- observes spores under microscope
- P. larvae may be cultured and identified with biochemical tests |
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Term
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Definition
- burn frames, bottom boards, and bees
- scorch empty boxes, inner covers, and lids
- treat remaining colonies with oxytetracycline |
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Term
| True or False: Equipment is disinfected with Beta irradiation |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three disadvantages to having to disinfect your equipment with gamma irradiation? |
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Definition
1) costly
2) nearest plant in Whitby
3) also kills other pathogens |
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Term
| List 3 points about resistant bee stocks |
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Definition
1) more environmentally friendly
2) colonies are requeened with hygenic stocks, selected for hygeine
3) decreases number of spores in hives |
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Term
| What is the hygiene test? |
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Definition
| Freeze section of a comb with capped cells (kills larvae), replace in hive. If they clean all in 24 hours, they are hygenic. |
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