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Brame's Final
Final Exam for Brame
200
Religious Studies
12th Grade
12/15/2011

Additional Religious Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Apostasy
Definition
abandonment of faith
Term
Catholic
Definition
universal
Term
Charisms
Definition
gifts of the holy spirit
Term
church
Definition
belonging to god, those called out, the people of God who come together from the whole world; the local church (diocese); the liturgical assembly
Term
convocation
Definition
a group of people gathered together in answer to a summons
Term
covenant
Definition
binding agreement between god and his people
Term
Diakonia
Definition
greek term for service. Christ commisioned his Church to translate the words of love into concrete acts of service for all people, especially the poor, the lonely, the imprisoned, the sick and suffering
Term
dogma
Definition
central truth of revelation that Catholics are obliged to believe
Term
Ecumenical Council
Definition
worldwide, official assembly of the bishops under the direction of the Pople. There have been 21 Ecumenical Councils
Term
Ecumenism
Definition
movement to restore the unity of Christ's Church
Term
efficacious symbol
Definition
a sign of grace instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church. A sacrament is an example of this because it is concrete, outward, visible sign that is, at the same time, what it represents
Term
heresy
Definition
a false teaching that denies an essential (dogmatic) teaching of the Church
Term
hierarchy
Definition
the sacred leadership of the Church that is made up of the Pope, bishops, priests, and deacons
Term
kerygma
Definition
greek word for proclamation of religious truths about Jesus Christ
Term
koinonia
Definition
greek word for fellowship. Christans are called to build fellowship with one another so that they can  be a sign of Christ to the world
Term
leitourgia
Definition
latin word for liturgy, which means work of the public
Term
Lumen Gentium
Definition
latin meaning light of the nations. Dogmatic Constitution of the Church
Term
Magisterium
Definition
teaching authority of the Church
Term
marks of the church
Definition
traditional signs of the church -- one, holy, catholic, and apostolic
Term
martyr
Definition
literally a witness, one who has been killed because of his or her own faith
Term
paschal mystery
Definition
Christ's work of redemption accomplished by his passion, death, resurrection, and ascension
Term
sacrament
Definition
an efficacious symbol; an outward sign instituted by Christ to confer grace
Term
schism
Definition
a break in Christian unity that takes place when a group of Christians separates itself from the Church; a division or split
Term
Council of Jerusalem
Definition
first church council, at which leaders determined that Gentiles could be baptized without having to become Jews first
Term
Gamaliel
Definition
member of the Sanhedrin who advocateda look/see policy toward Christians
Term
Josephus
Definition
first century Jewish historian
Term
Marcion
Definition
denied that a good God could have created the material world; taught that the God of the Old Testament was not the true God but rather that the true God had been revealed only with Jesus Christ, so he rejected the Old Testament as being God's word
Term
Nero
Definition
Roman Emperor; sociopath; brutally murdered Christians, blaming them for his misdeeds such as the burning of Rome
Term
Novatian
Definition
taught that bishops could not forgive the sins of apostasy, murder or adultery; he wanted a church of perfect people only
Term
St. Justin Martyr
Definition
apologist; wrote to Jews that Jesus was the Messiah, the Church, the New Israel, and Christan teachings fulfill the Torah
Term
St. Paul
Definition
Apostle to the Gentiles
Term
St. Peter
Definition
head of the Apostles, first Pope, Bishop of Rome
Term
St. Polycarp of Smyrna
Definition
martyr, defender of the orthodox faith
Term
St. Stephen
Definition
deacon, first Christian martyr
Term
tertullian
Definition
apologistl constucted crucial doctrinal formulations
Term
apocalyptic literature
Definition
prophetic book with profound symbolism to inspire and encourage christians during persecution
Term
apologist
Definition
second century writers who defended and explained Christianity to non-believers
Term
Apostle
Definition
"one sent", witness to Jesus' resurrection
Term
Apostolic father
Definition
someone who personally knew the apostles or their disciples
Term
blasphemy
Definition
to speak impiously or irrelevantly of God
Term
canon of the Bible
Definition
official list of approved books deemed inspired by God
Term
Diaspora
Definition
dispersion of Jews outside of Jersualem
Term
didache
Definition
the teaching aimed at candidates for admission to the church; mentions doctrines like trinity, discusses moral teachings, and explains the rites of initiation
Term
deacon
Definition
assistants to the bishops and priests
Term
Episkopoi
Definition
bishops, overseers
Term
Epistles
Definition
letters
Term
Essenes
Definition
an apocalyptic Jewish group that separated itself from Temple worship and believed that God would usher in his kingdrom through a catastrophic even
Term
evangelist
Definition
one who proclaims the Gospel, good news
Term
gnosticism
Definition
belief that Jesus gave secret teaching, knowable only to the few; the physical world was evil
Term
Gospel
Definition
good news
Term
orthodoxy
Definition
right belief; right teaching
Term
orthopraxis
Definition
right living
Term
Pax Romana
Definition
"Peace of Rome", a two century period of political stability thathelped the spread of Christianity
Term
pharisees
Definition
Jewish group that advocated strict observance of Mosaic law
Term
sadducees
Definition
Jewish upper class, religious and political leaders who tolerated Roman Rule
Term
sanhedrin
Definition
supreme legislative council of all the Jews
Term
sedition
Definition
incitement of discontent or rebellion against government
Term
synoptic gospels
Definition
seeing together, the similar Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke
Term
zealots
Definition
Jewish radical group who opposed Rome and engaged in guerilla warfare
Term
edict of milan
Definition
proclamation of Emperor Constantine which legalized and tolerated Christianity
Term
council of Nicea
Definition
Constantine called and presided overt this, the Chruch' first Ecumenical Council, which met in Nicea. The council formulated the Nicene Creed, which affirmed the doctrine of consubstantiality
Term
arius
Definition
heretic priest from Alexandria, taught arianism
Term
charlemagne
Definition
son of Pepin, Frankish king; protector of papacy; first holy roman emperor
Term
charles martel
Definition
frankish leader, father of Pepin, grandfather to Charlemagne, defeated Islamic forces at the Battle of Tours
Term
Justinian
Definition
byzantine emperor who instituted a major reform of civil law -- Justian Code
Term
mohammed
Definition
arabian merchant whose vision lead to the establishment of Islam
Term
pepin
Definition
frankish king, father of Charlemagne, donated land to the Pople which started the Papal States
Term
ambrose
Definition
father of the church; bishop of Milan; called by the people; great preacher who converted Augustine to Christianity; argued against Arianism
Term
anthony of egypt
Definition
hermit, considered to be the first Christian monk and father of monasticism
Term
augustine of hippo
Definition
father of the Church; son of St Monica, author of confessions and city of God; one of the Church's greatest theologians
Term
benedict
Definition
patron saint of Europe and founder of the most influential form of monasticism
Term
boniface
Definition
british monk who evangelized the European continent, especially Germany
Term
brigid of ireland
Definition
established convents in Ireland
Term
cyril of alexandria
Definition
defended the title Theotokos for Mary, strestting that Mary was the Mother of God
Term
gregory the great
Definition
first Pope to assume the title of servant of the servants of god, reformed liturgy, secured the positiion of the papacy, advanced missionary activity in Europe
Term
jerome
Definition
father of the church who translated the bible into latin and wrote a biblical commentary
Term
leo the great
Definition
doctrine of hypostatic union
Term
monica
Definition
her persistent prayer led to the conversion of her son, st. Augustine
Term
patrick
Definition
apostle to Ireland
Term
Arianism
Definition
heresy that denied christ's divinity; held that Christ was not co-extensive with God, and that Father, the Son, and the Holy spirit were separate and distinct
Term
caesaropapism
Definition
the combining of the power of the secular government with the authority of the church
Term
evangelization
Definition
preaching the gospel
Term
feudalism
Definition
governing system in which a superior or lord granted land to a vassal in return for military services
Term
gnosticism
Definition
heresy that denied Jesus' humanity; claimed Jesus only appeared to be human; the material world was evil
Term
hegira
Definition
the flight of Mohammed and his followers to Medina in 622; marks the first year of the Muslim Era
Term
hermit
Definition
a person who separates himself or herself from the world in prayer and penance in order to be devoted to the praise of God and salvation of the world
Term
hypostatic union
Definition
the doctrine formally taught at the Council of Chalcedon, that in Jesus Christ, one divine person subsits of two natures, the divine and human
Term
Justinian Code
Definition
collection of laws for the emperor justinian, based on christian values, that became the basis of European law
Term
koran
Definition
islamic holy book
Term
macedonianism
Definition
4th century hersey that claimed that the son created the Holy Spirit who was, in turn, subordinate to the Father and the Son
Term
monasticism
Definition
religious life in which women or men leave the secular world and enter a convent or monastery to devote themselves to prayer, contemplation, and self-denial in solitude
Term
monophysitism
Definition
heresy that taught that there is but one nature in the person of Christ, almost completely divine
Term
Pelagianism
Definition
5th century heresy that held that humans could save themselves without divine grace
Term
penitentials
Definition
guidebooks for the assignemnt of uniform penances
Term
theotokos
Definition
means god bearer; title bestowed on Mary as the Mother of God.
Term
tithing
Definition
giving one tenth to the Church
Term
vulgate
Definition
Latin translation of the Bible completed by St Jerome, the authorized Bible used in the Catholic Church up to the modern era
Term
Eastern Schism or the Great Schism
Definition
break between the Eastern and Western church, mainly over questions of Church authority
Term
Dictates of the Pope
Definition
promulgated by Pope Gregory VII, these precepts asserted that no secular power had authority over the Church or over the authority of the Pope
Term
Concordant of Worms
Definition
Solved the question of lay investiture, the emperor invested bishops with temporal signs of office (scepter) and only the Church could invest a bishop with the spiritual signs of office (ring and staff).
Term
fourth lateran council
Definition
called by Pope Innocent III; a summons to spiritual reform; among things established:  secrecy of the confessional, Real Presence (Transubstantiation), fixing the number of sacraments at seven, enforcement of clerical celibacy
Term
Albigensians
Definition
heretical group that preached the inherent evil of material possessions, the evil of marriage, and the position that suicide was not an immoral act
Term
Otto I
Definition
most effective Holy Roman Emperor of the 10th century; he deposed Pope John XXII and appointed his own Pope; thus, German nobles controlled papal states for nearly a century
Term
Waldensians
Definition
radical reformist group founded by Peter Waldo that attacked the hierarchical nature of the Church and its sacramental and priestly system; preached that the only true Christian was who vowed total poverty
Term
Nicholas II
Definition
formulated the law for papal elections to free them from secular influence and control
Term
St. Gregory VII
Definition
Hildebrand, monk from the Cluny monastery; inaugurated reforms, mandated celibacy, worked to end investiture, and issued the Dictates of the Pope, claiming absolute spiritual and temporal power
Term
Urban II
Definition
exemplified the papacy’s claim to temporal power when, in 1095, he called the First Crusade to help the beleaguered Eastern Empire and to rescue the Holy Land from the Muslims
Term
Innocent III
Definition
brilliant canon lawyer who believed that Christ granted both spiritual and secular leadership to the pope; he saw Europe as one large monastery with himself as the abbot; in his reign, the Church emerged from the Dark Ages where it was at the mercy of feudalism
Term
Boniface VIII
Definition
issued 2 papal bulls to combat nationalism and made the strongest claim of papal supremacy of any medieval pope declaring “that it is absolutely necessary for salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman Pontiff.”
Term
Bernard of Clairveaux
Definition
last father of the church
Term
clare of assisi
Definition
protege of st francis of Assisi, founded the order of the Poor Clares for women, which is modeled on St. Francis' rule
Term
Dominic Guzman
Definition
founder of the Friars Preacher, popularly called the Dominicans or Order of Preachers
Term
Francis of Assisi
Definition
founded order of Friars Minor; his simplicity and beautiful understanding of the Christian way of life served to call the Church back to Gospel values
Term
Thomas Aquinas
Definition
greatest scholastic theologian; Summa Theologica; scholasticism
Term
bourgeoisie
Definition
city people, the merchant class in the middle ages
Term
christendom
Definition
notion of the Christian world as a sort of social and political polity; a vision of a Christian government devoted to the enforcement of Christian values, whose institutions are suffused with Christian piety
Term
Dark Age
Definition
refers to the European Middle Ages (ca. 475-1000), called so because of the havoc caused by the partitioning of the Holy Roman Empire, a new wave of invasions (Norsemen, Vikings, Magyars), and the general feeling that the end of the world was near
Term
excommunication
Definition
banning a person from membership in the Church and all rights of Church membership including participation in the sacraments
Term
interdict
Definition
an injuction forbidding the celebration of the sacraments
Term
lay investiture
Definition
the practive whereby secular leaders appointed bishops in their domains, usurping the right of the Pope to choose them
Term
Liturgy of the Office or Divine Office
Definition
daily public prayer of the Church which makes the whole course of night and day
Term
mendicant
Definition
a religious follower who relies only on begging to survive
Term
nepotism
Definition
passing on benefits or lands to one's children or relatives
Term
papal bull
Definition
official document written by the pople and sealed with a red wax seal known as bulla
Term
Papal Inquisition
Definition
program of the Church, in collaboration with secular authorities, to judge the guilt of suspected heretics with the goal of getting them to repent; abused through the use of torture, anonymous accusations, and state executions
Term
peace of god
Definition
movement to spare women, clergy, and children, and peassants from attack by warring feudal lords
Term
scholasticism
Definition
general term that encompasses the theological and philsophical system developed by major Catholic thinkers
Term
simony
Definition
the buying and selling of spiritual things, for example, church offices
Term
thomism
Definition
philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas noted for its clarity of thought, insistence on truth, respect for human reason and defense of Christian revelation
Term
transubstantiation
Definition
the consecrated substance bread and wine at Eucharist become the substance of the body and blood of Christ – Christ’s Real Presence, not merely a memorial or sign
Term
truce of god
Definition
outlawed combat from Wednesday evening to Monday morning as well as all religious holidays; helped to end many small wars and temper savagery
Term
unam sanctum
Definition

papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VII in 1302 that asserted that the Popes were supreme over secular rulers in both spiritual and temporal affairs and that being subject to the Pope was necessary for salvation

 

Term
augsburg confession
Definition
the basic credo of Lutheranism
Term
babylonian captivity of the church
Definition
the avignon papacy
Term
black death
Definition
the bubonic plague, which devastated Europe during the Renaissance
Term
council of constance
Definition
called by King Sigismund, then formally convoked by Pope Gregory XII (fromRome), who then abdicated.  Council deposed the two remaining Popes and elected Pope Martin V, ending the Great Western Schism
Term
council of trent
Definition
this important council strove to eliminate problems in the Church and to determine once and for all the doctrinal and disciplinary issues with which Protestant reformers disagreed
Term
erasmus of rotterdam
Definition
humanist scholar who sought to reform society, apply the Gospel to the political system, and prod the church into self renewal
Term
great western schism
Definition
After the return of the papacy toRomefromAvignon, Italian mobs supposedly frightened the cardinals into electing an Italian as Pope (Urban VI).  So, French cardinals elected a new Pope (Clement VII) and returned with him toAvignon.  Both Popes – and their successors – claimed to be the true Pope.  The schism lasted 1378-1417.
Term
index of forbidden books
Definition
list of books that were forbidden to Catholics in order to protect them from heretical ideas
Term
mysticism
Definition
religious desire for an intimate union with the divine
Term
95 theses
Definition
a list posted by Martin Luther on the church door atWittenberg, condemning the selling of indulgences and calling for a debate among theologians over reforming the Church; marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation
Term
protestant reformation
Definition
16th century movement to reform the Church that escalated into a separation from the church altogether
Term
savaronola
Definition
an Italian Dominican priest and Florentine leader in the mid-1400’s.  he attempted moral reforms but was too harsh, which led his supporters to turn on him and burn him at the stake in 1498
Term
spiritual exercises
Definition
a classic work on the spiritual life written by ignatius of loyola
Term
alexander VI
Definition
the most infamous Pope of the Renaissance; a Borgia, he used nepotism and simony to enrich himself and family
Term
Gregory XI
Definition
last of the avignon popes
Term
anabaptists
Definition
radical reforming sects, for example, Baptists, Mennonites, Quakers, and Amish, that taught that infant Baptism was invalid and that only adults could be baptized
Term
john wycliff
Definition
English heretic who attacked papal authority, and dismissed the validity of the hierarchy, the sacraments, and priesthood; championed the people’s right to read the Bible in their own language
Term
John Huus
Definition
Bohemian who taught Wyclif's teachings; stressed the authoity of the Bible and the importance of preaching
Term
John Calvin
Definition
French reformer who denied sacraments, condemned papacy, monasticism, and celibacy and taught predestination
Term
John Knox
Definition
brought Presbyterianism, an offshoot of Calvinism, toScotland; stressed the priesthood of all believers, thus requiring no separate clergy
Term
King Henry VIII of England
Definition
declared himself the head of the Church of England and not bound to the dictates ofRome
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
German, Augustinian monk. Major reformer who condemned the selling of indulgences, called for reform, and eventually broke with the Church over the questions of justification, the primacy of Scripture over Tradition, and the primacy of the priesthood of the laity.
Term
Queen Elizabeth I of England
Definition
established the Anglican religion inEnglandby synthesizing Calvinist, Lutheran, and Catholic elements
Term
Ulrich Zwingli
Definition

Swiss priest who set up a reform Protestantism inSwitzerland; encouraged a democratic rule for the church; taught that the Eucharist is only a sign of Christ’s presence

 

Term
Catherine of Siena
Definition
doctor of the Church; prolific letter writer; her goal was to get Gregory XI to return toRome
Term
charles borromeo
Definition
a zealous reforming bishop of milan
Term
ignatius of loyola
Definition
founder of the society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Term
Joan of Arc
Definition
heard voices of God calling her to save France; led the French against the English in the Battle of Orleans and was victorious; was later captured by England and martyred
Term
Philip Neri
Definition
founded a society of secular priests called the congregation of the Oratory
Term
Pope Pius V
Definition
catholic reformer; supported the fight against the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Lepanto
Term
Robert Bellarmine
Definition
Jesuit, Doctor of the Church, wrote treatises that refuted the protests of heretics; showed how authority comes from God; created a catechism for teachers
Term
Teresa of Avila
Definition
Doctor of the Church, spiritual writer; taught that prayer is simply talking to God; author of the Interior Castle; she reformed the Carmelite order
Term
Thomas More
Definition

lawyer, chancellor ofEnglandunder Henry III, stood firm in his conscience and would not agree to Henry’s divorce and revolt againstRome(Act of Supremacy); he died a martyr

 

Term
conciliarism
Definition
idea popular in the Middle Ages that a general council of the Church had more authority than the Pope and could depose him if need be
Term
cuis regio, eius relgio
Definition
Latin for “whose region, his religion”; This means that the religion of the monarch would be the religion of the people.  The term was used in the Peace of Augsburg (1555).
Term
humanism
Definition
a cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized the rediscovery of art, literature, and the civilizations of ancientGreeceandRome
Term
indulgence
Definition
the remission before God of the temporal punishment due to forgiven sins
Term
Renaissance
Definition
the cultural rebirth begun in the late Middle Ages; stressed the natural and human, the pleasures of life, the human body, and celebrated education
Term
theocracy
Definition
a civil government under Church control
Term
deism
Definition
a natural religion that developed in the Age of Enlightenment that embraced the belief that while God does exist and did create the world, he refrains from any sort of interference or participation in it
Term
empiricism
Definition
a belief from the Age of Enlightenment that taught that the only reality is what we perceive with our senses.  Empiricists encouraged doubt about accepted beliefs and ridiculed religion, religious authority, and traditional Church doctrines
Term
enlightment
Definition
a term associated with the Age of Reason following the Protestant Reformation where it was generally held that only human reason, separated from religious belief, can “enlighten” people.
Term
four articles
Definition
forced upon the French clergy by King Louis XIV in 1682:  (1) the Pope has no power in temporal matters; (2) general councils are superior to the Pope in spiritual matters; (3) the papacy must adapt its rulings to the French church; (4) the decrees of the Popes are only binding on the faithful when a general council agrees to them.
Term
freemasonry
Definition
a secret society using secret signs and symbols, an offshoot of Deism, founded inEngland; attacked Christianity and was condemned by Pope Clement XII
Term
gallicism
Definition
a religious and political theory that asserted the independence of theFrenchChurchfrom the authority of the Pope
Term
glorious revolution
Definition
the English Parliament’s disposition of King James II (Catholic) and the elevation of his Protestant daughter, Mary, to the throne and her marriage to William of Orange (Protestant)
Term
janeseism
Definition
heretical belief of Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638), a bishop of Ypres in France, that taught the utter depravity of human nature and that God’s grace extends to only a few – an offshoot of Calvinism
Term
joephinism
Definition
heretical theory asserted by Joseph II in the 18th century that advocated the control of state in matters of religion, including the control over naming bishops
Term
liberalism
Definition
a term describing the efforts of the 19th century to attempt to reconcile Church teaching with the liberal ideas that emerged from the French Revolution
Term
quietism
Definition
17th century heresy inspired by the Spanish priest, Michael Molinos, that took a dim view of human nature, holding that humans are powerless and should not try to resist temptations since they are God’s will 
Term
rationalism
Definition
a philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment that taught that only human reason, separated from religious belief, can bring people into the light
Term
reign of terror
Definition
launched by Robespierre, this was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression; most civil liberties were suspended, and the French monarch, nobility, and many of the clergy were executed
Term
robespeirre
Definition
French dictator who forced the clergy to promise allegiance to the French Revolution rather than to the Pope;  inaugurated the Reign of Terror
Term
william of orange
Definition
Protestant Prince fromHolland, wed to Mary, daughter of James II ofEngland
Term
francis xavier
Definition
great missionary to the far east (apostle to the indies)
Term
francis de sales
Definition
scholar and noble who became bishop of Calvinist Geneva; His firm belief in the compassion of God and God’s unconditional love made him a powerful but gentle spiritual leader who drew many to Catholicism
Term
jane francis de chantal
Definition
noblewoman, wife, and mother, who sought St. Francis de Sales as a spiritual director and eventually, with him, established the Order of Visitation, a community of sisters who became “daughters of prayer”
Term
martin de porres
Definition
the wonder worker of Peru, worked diligently to lessen the evils of slavery
Term
vincent de paul
Definition
greatest organizer of charity in history; founded an order of priests called the Congregation of theMissionand an order of nuns (with St. Louise de Marillac), the Daughters of Charity
Term
peter claver
Definition
missionary who ministered to the slaves in columbia and the west indies
Term
louise de marillac
Definition
with St Vincent de Paul, founded the Daughters of Charity, who were devoted to serving the sick, poor, elderly, and orphans
Term
isaac jogues
Definition
french jesuit who served as a missionary in the new world; martyred by African Americans
Term
Margaret Mary Alcoque
Definition
promoted devotion to Jesus as the Sacred Heart
Term
John Baptist de la salle
Definition
founded an order of teaching brothers, was committed to serving the poor and to educate them
Term
john vianney
Definition
known as the Cure d’Ars; a priest and confessor whose humility and holiness drew many people to the Church
Term
john bosco
Definition
founded the order of Salesians; established schools for street kids
Term
bernadette soubirous
Definition
shepherd girl fromLourdesin France to whom the Blessed Virgin appeared, declaring herself to be the “Immaculate Conception”
Term
Napoleon Bonaparte
Definition
Revolutionary leader who declared himself emperor ofFranceand led French troops to conquer most of Europe; defeated atWaterloo
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