Term
| What is not stored in the brain but is needed, so there is a constant supply entering? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
| light headedness, dizziness, irritability and headache. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the brain get its blood supply carrying glucose and oxygen? |
|
Definition
| From the bilateral common carotid arteries and bilateral vertebral arteries. |
|
|
Term
| Where does blood return to the lungs from? |
|
Definition
| The brain via the bilateral internal jugular veins. |
|
|
Term
| What prevents passage of many substances from the blood into brain tissue? |
|
Definition
| The Blood-brain barrier (BBB). |
|
|
Term
| What is the BBB composed of? What does it do? |
|
Definition
| Astrocytes. They protect the brain from many harmful substances. |
|
|
Term
| Why is it challenging to make drugs for CNS disorders? |
|
Definition
| Because it is difficult to cross the BBB. |
|
|
Term
| What can cross the BBB quickly? |
|
Definition
| A few water-soluble substances such as glucose.Or, lipid-soluble substances. |
|
|
Term
| What crosses slowly from the blood into the brain? |
|
Definition
| Ions, such as creatine, and urea. |
|
|
Term
| What can the BBB be broken down by? |
|
Definition
| Trauma, inflammation and certain toxins. |
|
|
Term
| What is the three-layer connective tissue protective covering of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the superficial layer of the cranial meninges that consists of dense irregular CT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the dura mater and the internal wall of the vertebral canal called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the middle layer of the spinal meninges called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the spinal meninges is avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the innermost layer of the spinal meninges, made of a thin, transparent layer of CT that adheres to the brain and spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sheaths the blood vessels that penetrate the brain from the surface inward? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the spinal meninges contains many blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the brain and spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three extensions of the dura mater that separate the brain? |
|
Definition
| Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli and tentorium cerebelli. |
|
|
Term
| Which extension of the dura mater separates the brain into left and right hemispheres? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which extension of the dura mater separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which extension of the dura mater separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the clear colorless fluid tat protects the CNS against harmful chemicals and physical damage, carries oxygen, glucose and other needed chemicals? |
|
Definition
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
|
|
Term
| What is the CSF produced by? |
|
Definition
| The choroid plexuses found in the ventricles of the brain. |
|
|
Term
| What is a network of capillaries and blood vessels inside the ventricles that produce CSF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cavities within the brain that produce large amounts of CSF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ventricle of the brain is surrounded by the genu of the corpus collosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ventricle of the brain is inferior to the corpus callosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ventricle of the brain is between the pons and the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the CSF-filled channel through the midbrain of the brainstem that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles to each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most inferior part of the brainstem that contains the ascending sensory and descending motor tracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two lateral, external bulges formed by the two largest motor tracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is called where the pyramids cross within the medulla oblongata taking most of the motor axons with it? |
|
Definition
| Decussation of the pyramids. |
|
|
Term
| What are most skeletal muscles controlled by? |
|
Definition
| The contralateral part of the cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain contains the cardiovascular center controlling rate and force of heartbeat as well as diameter of blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the brain contains the medullary rhythmic area of the respiratory center controlling the rhythm and rate of breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the brain controls reflexes such as vomiting, coughing and sneezing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What five cranial nerves emerge from the medulla oblongata? |
|
Definition
| Vestibulocochlear cochlear branch, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory nerve, and hypoglossal. |
|
|
Term
| What is the vestibulocochlear cochlear branch associate with? What type of neurons does it contain? |
|
Definition
| Associated with hearing. Contains both sensory and motor. |
|
|
Term
| What does the glossopharyngeal nerve associate with? What type of neurons does it contain? |
|
Definition
| Associated with taste, swallowing and salivation. Contains sensory and motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
| What is the vagus cranial nerve associated with? What type of neurons does it contain? |
|
Definition
| Associated with voice production, digestive secretions, taste and slowing of heart rate. Contains sensory and motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
| What does the accessory cranial nerve associate with? What type of neurons does it contain? |
|
Definition
| Associated with swallowing and shoulder shrug. Contains motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
| What is the hypoglossal cranial nerve associated with? What type of neurons does it contain? |
|
Definition
| Associated with tongue movement and swallowing. Contains motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the pons located in the brain? |
|
Definition
| Directly superior to the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum. |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain helps control breathing with the pneumotaxic and apneustic areas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What four cranial nerves emerge from the pons? |
|
Definition
| Trigeminal, abducens, facial and vestibulocochlear vestibular branch. |
|
|
Term
| The trigeminal nerve, emerging from the pons, is associated with what? Contains what neurons? |
|
Definition
| Associated with sensory from head and face and is the motor for chewing. Sensory and motor. |
|
|
Term
| The abducens cranial nerve is associated with what? Contains what neurons? |
|
Definition
| Associated with eyeball movement. Contains motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
| The facial cranial nerve is associated with what? What neurons? |
|
Definition
| motor and sensory, associated with sensory for taste and motor for saliva secretion, tears, and facial expression. |
|
|
Term
| The vestibulocochlear vestibular branch cranial nerve is associated with what? Contains what neurons? |
|
Definition
| sensory and motor, associated with balance and equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is directly superior to the pons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the anterior part of the midbrain containing axons of the sensory and motor tracts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the posterior part of the midbrain divided into the corpora quadrigemina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two superior elevations that are reflex centers controlling movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual and other stimuli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two inferior elevations that are reflex centers for movements of the head and truck in response to auditory stimuli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the CSF-filled channel between the tectum & the cerebral peduncles that connects the 3rd & 4th ventricles to each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two cranial nerves emerge from the midbrain? |
|
Definition
| Oculomotor and trochlear. |
|
|
Term
| What is the oculomotor cranial nerve associated with? What neurons? |
|
Definition
| Motor. Movements of the ipsilateral eyeball, contraction of the pupil and changes in lens shape. |
|
|
Term
| What is the trochlear cranial nerve associated with? What neurons? |
|
Definition
| Motor. Movements of the ipsilateral eyeball. |
|
|
Term
| What is posterior and inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the occipital lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main structures of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| Left and right cerebellar hemispheres, vermis and arbor vitae. |
|
|
Term
| What is the raised structure along the median line in the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the highly branched, internal white matter of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain monitors intentions for movement, actual movement, compares command signals, and sends out corrective signals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is important in learning and performing coordinated, highly skilled movements in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What extends from the brain stem to the cerebrum and includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What relays sensory input to the cerebral cortex, provides crude perception of touch, pressure, pain and temperature and contributes to emotions, memory, cognition and awareness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the brain regulates balance and posture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is inferior to the subthalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain contains the mamillary bodies, infundibulum and median eminence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland and regulates emotional and behavioral patterns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain controls body temperature, eating and drinking behavior, and maintains waking state and established drinking patterns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is just posterior to the hypothalamus and helps control body movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is superior and posterior to the thalamus which contains the pineal gland which secretes melatonin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is supported on top of the diencephalon and contains the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cerebral cortex made up of? |
|
Definition
| Sulci, gyri and fissures. |
|
|
Term
| What is the anterior most lobe that is chiefly concerned with voluntary motor functions, motivations, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgement and aggression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is posterior most gyrus of the frontal lobe and is the somato-motor center of the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do voluntary motor impulses begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the part of the brain concerned with sensory reception and the integration of somatosensory, taste and some visual information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do all nerve impulses from perceived somatic sensations have their CNS destination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the occipital lobe separated from the parietal lobe? |
|
Definition
| Parieto-occipital sulcus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the principal visual center of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lobe of the brain concerned with hearing, smell, learning, memory, visual recognition and emotional behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the parietal lobe divided from the temporal lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the small mass of cortex deep to the lateral sulcus that is thought to play a role in understanding spoken language, the sense of taste and in integrating information from visceral receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What in the cerebrum is divided into tracts of neurons that allow communication throughout the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the masses of white matter in the cerebrum that the two cerebral hemispheres communicate with eachother through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest commissural tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the smaller masses of white matter tracts located anterior and posterior to the corpus callosum? |
|
Definition
| Anterior and posterior commissures. |
|
|
Term
| What allows different vertical levels of the brain to communicate with each other and the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What interprets sensory impulses and controls muscular movement as well as functioning in emotional and intellectual processes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the inferior masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter lateral to the bilateral thalamus? |
|
Definition
| Basal Nuclei. (a.k.a. ganglia) |
|
|
Term
| What is the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus contained in? |
|
Definition
| Basal nuclei (a.k.a. ganglia) |
|
|
Term
| What is the globus pallidus and the putamen together called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lentiform nucleus and the caudate nucleus together called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What links perceptual and memory regions of the brain so a person can identify a sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What interprets sensory impulses and controls muscular movement as well as functioning in emotional and intellectual processes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What in the brain programs habitual or automatic movements, inhibits motor neurons that are intrinsically active and functions to coordinate gross automatic muscle movements and regulate muscle tone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is damage to the basal ganglia that results in uncontrolled tremors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the group of structures encircling the corpus callosum that function in the emotional aspects of behavior related to survival? |
|
Definition
| Limbic system (gray matter). |
|
|
Term
| What is found in each hemisphere that is associated with the emotions associated with pain, pleasure, docility, affection and anger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What consists of the cingulated gyrus, hippocampus of the temporal lobe, and the amygdala of the temporal lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What refers to the mental processes such as awareness, perception, thinking, knowledge and memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions in this lobe cause people to be unaware of objects or limbs of their own body contralaterally. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions in this lobe cause "agnosia"- the inability to recognize, identify or name familiar objects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the condition when a person can't remember familiar faces or their own face in a mirror? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions in this lobe change personality. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lobe of the brain integrates information from the sensory and motor regions of the cortex, provides a sense of relationship to the world enabling us to think about, plan and execute appropriate behavior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lobe is responsible for giving appropriate expressions of our emotions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a defect in declarative memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the remembering of how to perform specific tasks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the important memory-forming center of the brain that does not store them but organizes sensory and cognitive experiences while they are happening? (short term memory) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when the hippocampus replays memories tot he cerebral cortex repeatedly while the cerebral cortex stores them as long-term memories? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inability to store new information called? What is it caused by? |
|
Definition
| Anterograde amnesia, caused by lesions of the hippocampus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the inability to recall things that have taken place prior to an injury? What is this caused by? |
|
Definition
| Retrograde amnesia caused by lesions of the cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
| What is the expression of the emotions controlled by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the part of the limbic system that deals with feelings associated with emotions such as fear or love? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for the recognition of spoken and written language? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What generates a motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips to produce speech? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the Broca area transmit its plan for speech to execute it? |
|
Definition
| To the primary motor cortex. |
|
|
Term
| What are the emotional aspects of language controlled by? |
|
Definition
| The contralateral portions of the cortex that mirror the Wernicke and Broca area. |
|
|
Term
| What creates emotion and intonation in speech and is found opposite the broca area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do lesions on the affective language area cause? |
|
Definition
| Flat, emotionless speech. |
|
|
Term
| The region found opposite the Wernicke area is a cortical region that is concerned with what? |
|
Definition
| Recognizing the emotional content of another's speech. |
|
|
Term
| What is any language deficit resulting from lesions in the Wernicke or Broca area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is nonfluent aphasia characterized by? |
|
Definition
| Lesions in broca's area and slow speech and difficulty choosing the right words. |
|
|
Term
| What is fluent aphasia characterized by? |
|
Definition
| Lesions in Wernicke's area with normal speaking and made up words. Also can not comprehend written and spoken words. |
|
|
Term
| What is anomic aphasia characterized by? |
|
Definition
| Understanding speech and speaking normally but unable to understand written words or pictures. |
|
|
Term
| What is the integrating center of the ANS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and certain glands and is part of the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ANS operates without conscious control but requires constant sensory input from where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brings sensory information from the organs to the CNS? |
|
Definition
| Autonomic sensory neurons. |
|
|
Term
| What brings autonomic motor responses from the CNS to the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All motor pathways in the ANS consist of two motor neurons that synapse where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which motor neuron (proximal or distal) of the autonomic motor neurons is myelinated? |
|
Definition
| Proximal (preganglionic). |
|
|
Term
| Which motor neuron (proximal or distal) of the autonomic motor neurons is unmyelinated and synapses with the effector? |
|
Definition
| Distal motor neuron (postganglionic). |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major branches of the motor portion of the ANS? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. |
|
|
Term
| What segment of the spinal cord do all sympathetic neurons emerge from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thorocolumbar division of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do all parasympathetic neurons emerge from? |
|
Definition
| The brainstem and the S2-S4 spinal segments. |
|
|
Term
| What is the craniosacral division? |
|
Definition
| The brainstem and the S2-S4 of the spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| The parasympathetic division utilizes what cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
| Oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. |
|
|
Term
| What does the oculomotor cranial nerve do? |
|
Definition
| Narrows the pupil and thickens the lens. |
|
|
Term
| What does the facial cranial nerve do? |
|
Definition
| Regulates lacrimal glands, salivary glands an dnasal glands. |
|
|
Term
| What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do? |
|
Definition
| Regulates other salivary glands. |
|
|
Term
| What does the vagus cranial nerve do? |
|
Definition
| carries 90% of all parasympathetic nerve fibers., regulates heart rate, respiratory rate and swallowing. |
|
|
Term
| What is the site of synapse between pre- and postganglionic sympathetic neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two groups of sympathetic ganglia? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic chain ganglia and prevertebral ganglia. |
|
|
Term
| What are the tangled networks of both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons which lie along major arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the six major autonomic plexuses? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac plexus, Pulmonary plexus, celiac plexus, superior mesenteric plexus, inferior mesenteric plexus, and hypogastric plexus. |
|
|
Term
| What does the celiac plexus innervate? |
|
Definition
| Digestion, diaphragm, kidneys, testes, ovaries and the adrenal gland. |
|
|
Term
| What does the superior mesenteric plexus innervate? |
|
Definition
| The small and large intestine in digestion. |
|
|
Term
| What does the inferior mesenteric plexus innervate? |
|
Definition
| The large intestine for excretion. |
|
|
Term
| What does the hypogastric plexus innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most body organs are innervated by how many divisions of the ANS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During physical and emotional distress which division of the ANS dominates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic activity favors body functions that can support what? |
|
Definition
| Vigorous physical activity and rapid production of energy. |
|
|
Term
| What are the "E situations" that can cause a group of responses known as fight-or-flight? |
|
Definition
| Exercise, emergency, excitement or embarrassment. |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of the fight-or-flight response? |
|
Definition
| 1. pupil dilation 2. increase in heart rate, contraction force and blood pressure 3. bronchial dilation for more air in lungs 4. blood vessel constriction to non-essential organs 5. dilation og blood vessels involved in exercise or fighting off danger 6. liver cells liberate sugar and fat for energy 7. glucose released from liver 8. digestion is inhibited |
|
|
Term
| Which lasts longer, the effects of parasympathetic stimulation or sympathetic stimulation? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic, because more tissues are activated at one time and norepinephrine lingers longer inthe synapse. |
|
|
Term
| What does the parasympathetic response enhance? |
|
Definition
"Rest and digest" activities (SLUDD)
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Digestion, Defecation |
|
|
Term
| What can cause an accelerated parasympathetic response such as loss of bowel or bladder control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the reflex arcs similar to somatic reflexes that are used to regulate blood pressure, respiratory rate, digestion and excretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five parts of an autonomic reflex? |
|
Definition
| Sensory Neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector and receptor. |
|
|
Term
| What is the neuron that releases ACh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the receptors on the post-synaptic membrane that ACh binds to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of cholinergic receptors? |
|
Definition
| Nicotinic and muscarinic. |
|
|
Term
| What are the receptors found in the dendrites of sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the receptors found in the post-synaptic membranes of all effectors of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transmitter do adrenergic neurons release at the synaptic cleft? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways that norepinephrine is removed from a synapse? |
|
Definition
| Re-uptake by the presynaptic membrane or is enzymatically deactived by COMT or MAO. |
|
|
Term
| Why do certain smells and tastes evoke emotional responses or memories? |
|
Definition
| Because smell and taste propagate to the limbic system in the brain. |
|
|
Term
| How many olfactory receptors are there in an area that is 5 cm squared? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What four types of cells are there in the nose for smell? |
|
Definition
| Olfactory receptors, supporting cells, basal stem cells, and olfactory glands. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cilia on the end of a dendrite of an olfactory receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the first order neurons of the olfactory pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cells of the mucous membrane of the nose that provide physical support and nourishment to the olfactory receptors and help detoxify chemicals that come into the nose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the precursors to olfactory receptors in the nose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces mucous that coves the olfactory epithelium in the nose? |
|
Definition
| Olfactory (Bowman's) Glands. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when an odorant molecule enters the nose? |
|
Definition
| It is dissolved within the mucous. |
|
|
Term
| What reacts to the chemical stimulation caused when an odorant molecule dissolves in mucus in the nose? What happens? |
|
Definition
| An olfactory hair reacts and transduces it into a generator potential that stimulates the olfactory receptor's dendrite. |
|
|
Term
| Once the olfactory receptor's dendrite (first order neuron) is stimulated, it propagates an impulse along what? |
|
Definition
| The receptor's axon (olfactory nerve)- which synapses with a dendrite of an olfactory bulb neuron. |
|
|
Term
| After reaching the dendrite of an olfactory bulb neuron, the impulse is propagated to what part of the olfactory bulb neuron which makes up the olfactory tract? |
|
Definition
| The axon of the olfactory bulb. |
|
|
Term
| The olfactory tract carries the impulse to what area of the temporal lobe of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area of the temporal lobe where conscious awareness of smell begins, and is a part of the limbic system and is linked to the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are only very small amounts of chemicals needed to stimulate an odor? |
|
Definition
| Because olfaction has a low-threshold. |
|
|
Term
| What are the five classes of taste that can be distinguished? |
|
Definition
| Sour, sweet, bitter, salty and umami (savory). |
|
|
Term
| What contains the taste receptors in the mouth and are mostly located on the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hole on top of the taste bud? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of cells within a taste bud? |
|
Definition
| Supporting cells, gustatory receptors, and basal cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cell within a taste bud that provides physical support to the gustatory receptors, eventually becoming receptor cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the taste receptor cells of the taste bud? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the part of the receptor that projects from the receptor out of the taste pore? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are found on the periphery of the taste bud and produce supporting cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the elevations on the tongue which sometimes contain taste buds and give the tongue its rough appearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of papillae on the tongue? |
|
Definition
| Circumvillate, fungiform, and foliate. |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest type of papillae that are circular and form an inverted V-shaped row at the back of the tongue and always contain taste buds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the type of taste buds that are mushroom-shaped elevation over the entire tongue, most containing tastebuds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the type of papillae on the tongue that covers the entire surface, are pointed and thread-like and rarely contain taste buds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must a chemical be dissolved in to make contact with the gustatory hairs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When gustatory hairs transduce contact with a chemical to the receptors what is produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First order neurons of gustation can be carried on what three different cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
| Facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus. |
|
|
Term
| The receptor is the first order neuron in olfaction or gustation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Taste is more sensitive to what two tastes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What areas of the tongue are more sensitive to what tastes? |
|
Definition
| Tip: salty and sweet. Posterior: bitter. Lateral aspects: sour. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the two eyelids or palpebrae are the more moveable of the two? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three functions of the palpebrae? |
|
Definition
| Shade during sleep, protection from foreign objects, and eye lubrication. |
|
|
Term
| What is the muscle that moves the upper eyelid? |
|
Definition
| Levator Palpebrae superioris muscle. |
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the eyelids that reveals the eyeball? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the angle produced by the lateral meeting of the upper and lower eyelid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the angle produced by the medial meeting of the upper and lower eyelids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thin layer of protective connective tissue in the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inner aspect of the eyelids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the anterior surface of the eyeball lateral to the cornea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an infection of the conjunctiva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is found at the base of the eyelash hair follicle secreting lubricating fluids? |
|
Definition
| Sebaceous ciliary glands. |
|
|
Term
| What is an infection of the sebaceous ciliary glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure secretes tears through the lacrimal duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of lacrimal fluid? |
|
Definition
| To protect, clean, lubricate and moisten the eyeball. |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme in lacrimal fluid has antibacterial properties? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result of parasympathetic stimulation to the lacrimal glands producing excessive lacrimal fluid spilling over the eyelids and into the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 extrinsic muscles that move the eye? |
|
Definition
| Superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique and inferior oblique. |
|
|
Term
| What is the avascular superficial coating of the eyeball consisting of the cornea anteriorly and the sclera posteriorly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the middle layer of the eyeball consisting of the choroid, ciliary body and iris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What in the eye is made up of ciliary muscles and ciliary processes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the ciliary muscles of the eye do? |
|
Definition
| Change the shape of the lens for focusing. |
|
|
Term
| What do the ciliary processes of the eye do? |
|
Definition
| Connect the ciliary muscles to the suspensory ligaments of the lens. |
|
|
Term
| What is the colored portion of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hole in the center of the iris that prevents light rays from entering through the periphery of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would happen if light rays were able to enter through the periphery of the eye? |
|
Definition
| They would not be clearly focused on the retina and would cause blurry vision. |
|
|
Term
| What is the transparent covering of the iris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure of the eye is suspended by suspensory ligaments posterior to the iris and pupil and focuses light onto the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the aqueous humor found in the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the watery substance that nourishes the cornea and lens and contributes to the maintenance of the pressure in the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What function does the intraocular pressure have? |
|
Definition
| To prevent the eyeball from collapsing. |
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the cornea and the iris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the iris and suspensory ligaments/lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What space contains the vitreous body and hyaloid canal and goes from behind the lens back to the retina? |
|
Definition
| Posterior cavity (vitreous chamber). |
|
|
Term
| What is the jelly-like substance that contributes to the maintenance of the intraocular pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the narrow channel that runs through the vitreous body from the optic disc to the posterior aspect of the lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers covering the eyeball (other than cornea)? |
|
Definition
| Sclera, Choroid and retina. |
|
|
Term
| What is the outermost layer of the covering of the eye? (Whites of the eye.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the middle layer of the covering of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the interior layer of the covering of the eye that is the beginning of the visual pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the only place in the body that blood vessels can be viewed directly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two pathological changes can be seen through the blood vessels in the retina? |
|
Definition
| Diabetes mellitus and hypertension. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of photoreceptor on the retina works for low-light vision and shades of gray? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of photoreceptor on the retina works for bright-light and color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site where the optic nerve exits the eyeball (a.k.a. the blind spot b/c no rods or cones)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spot in the retina where visual acuity is the highest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We move our eyes around to see because we try to focus the most direct light from an object onto what area of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the exact center portion of the eye (a.k.a. visual axis)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the bending of light rays when passing through transparent substances of different densities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does 75 percent of total light refraction in the eye occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is accommodation acheived? |
|
Definition
| By contraction of the ciliary muscles allowing the lens to take a rounder shape for maximum focusing power. |
|
|
Term
| Images focused on what area of the eye are inverted and mirrored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the refraction of rays coming from nearer than 6 meters to achieve focus on the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum distance from the eye that an object can be clearly focused with maximum effort? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is small print harder to read as one gets older? |
|
Definition
| Because the lens loses elasticity with age, therefore losing accommodation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the loss of accommodation resulting in the inability to read small print from a close distance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another way to say a normal eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inability to clearly focus distant objects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inability to clearly focus nearby objects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens causing parts of an image to be out of focus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As humans, being able to use both eyes to focus on one object allows us to see what? |
|
Definition
| Depth perception and 3-dimensional objects. |
|
|
Term
| In order to maintain binocular vision what must occur? |
|
Definition
| Light rays from an object must be striking similar areas on each retina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As an object gets closer to our eyes, in order to keep them focused on the proper spot on the retina, the eyes must both rotate medially to maintain the binocular vision. |
|
|
Term
| Coordination of what eye muscles is required to achieve convergence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is light absorbed by in the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the colored protein that undergoes changes when struck by light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the photopigment do? |
|
Definition
| Initiates events that lead to a receptor potential. |
|
|
Term
| What is the photopigment in the rods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many different photopigments for cones are there? |
|
Definition
| Three, each one striking different cones producing color vision. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two components that each photopigment has? |
|
Definition
| Opsin (a glycoprotein) and Retinal ( a derivative of vitamin A). |
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of what vitamin can cause nightblindness or nyctalopia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do nerve impulses leave the retina? |
|
Definition
| On axons at the optic disc which becomes the optic nerve. |
|
|
Term
| Axon collaterals posterior to the optic disk travel where and coordinate what? |
|
Definition
| To the midbrain to coordinate pupil constriction, sleep patterns, and the movements of your eyes and head. |
|
|
Term
| In the optic pathway, where do the two halves of optic nerves travel? |
|
Definition
| One half travels through the optic chiasm to the conralateral optic tract then the cortex. The other half doesn't enter the optic chiasm but travels to the ipsilateral optic tract on the way to the cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
| What part of the eye consists of nerve fibers that lead to the optic nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lateral half of the retina near the temporal bone called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the medial half of the retina near the nose called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The optic nerve fibers from which half of the retina don't enter the optic chiasm but travel lateral to the chiasm towards the ipsilateral optic tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The optic nerve fibers from which half of the retina cross the optic chiasm and travel to the contralateral optic tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Images in the nasal field of view are perceived by what cortex? |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Images in the temporal field of view are perceived by what cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
| Contralateral cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three principle regions of the ear? |
|
Definition
| External, Middle, Internal. |
|
|
Term
| Which region of the ear collects sound waves and channels them to the inside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which region of the ear conveys sound vibrations to the oval window? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which region of the ear houses the receptors for hearing and equilibrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the outer ear consist of? |
|
Definition
| Auricle, external auditory canal and the eardrum. |
|
|
Term
| What is the part of the ear that is a flap of elastic cartilage shaped like the end of a trumpet and covered with skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the curved tube within the temporal bone that runs from the auricle to the eardrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thin, translucent partition between the external auditory canal and the middle ear? |
|
Definition
| Eardrum (tympanic membrane). |
|
|
Term
| What are the specialized sebaceous glands that secrete cerumen (earwax)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three smallest bones in the body? |
|
Definition
| The auditory ossicles, the malleus, incus and stapes. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two tiny muscles that attach to the ossicles? |
|
Definition
| Tensor Tympani Muscle and Stapedius muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the muscles attached to the ossicles limits movement and increases tension on the eardrum to prevent inner damage due to loud noises? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the muscles attached to the ossicles dampens large vibrations of the stapes due to loud noises, protecting the oval window, decreasing the sensitivity of hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three areas of the bony labyrinth (series of cavities in the temporal bone)? |
|
Definition
| Semicircular canals, vestibule and cochlea. |
|
|
Term
| Which areas of the bony labyrinth contain receptors for equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| Semicircular canals and vestibule. |
|
|
Term
| Which area of the bony labyrinth contains receptors for hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two divisions of the internal ear? |
|
Definition
| Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth. |
|
|
Term
| What is the fluid that the bony labyrinth contains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fluid that the membranous labyrinth contains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What in the ear is a bony, spiral canal anterior to the vestibule, resembling a snail's shell encircling a central, bony core called the modiolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the coiled sheet of epithelial cells containing hair cells in the ear which serves as receptors for hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of equilibrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of equilibrium maintains the position of the body relative to the force of gravity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the head moves, what responds to gravity bending hairs in the ear and triggering receptor potentials? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of equilibrium maintains body movement in response to sudden movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the receptor organs for equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| Saccule, utricle, and semi-membranous membranes. |
|
|
Term
| Most of the motor axons do what? |
|
Definition
| Cross the midline within the medulla oblongata's pyramids and decussate with the medulla oblogatas pyramids. |
|
|
Term
| Are the pyramids part of the midbrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain interprets sensory impulses and controls muscular movement as well as function in emotional and intellectual processes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the ascending sensory and descending motor tracts found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the lateral ventricle contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls habitual or automatic movements, muscle tone and inhibition of intrinsically active motor neurons in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the septum pellucidum divide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the brain structures in order from most superior to most inferior. |
|
Definition
| Diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata. |
|
|
Term
| Where do the pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons emerge from? |
|
Definition
| The T1-L2 spinal segments. |
|
|
Term
| How many effector organs do the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do preganglionic sympathetic neurons and postganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse with each other? |
|
Definition
| At the sympathetic ganglia. |
|
|
Term
| Reducing heart rate as a result of sensing high blood pressure is an example of what type of reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nicotine mimics which neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of graded potential do sensory receptors that are a part of the sensory neuron's dendrite create? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tastes and smells sometimes evoke emotional responses and memories because of their link to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does conscious awareness of smell begin? |
|
Definition
| Lateral olfactory area of the temporal l obe. |
|
|
Term
| What are the elevations of the tongue that give the tongue its rough appearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even though you can see the whole room with one look, you might have to slightly move your eyes to focus on different things in the room. To what spot on the retina are you trying to manipulate the light rays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do the optic nerve fibers from the bilateral temporal retina cross each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does most light refraction take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does it become more difficult to focus on objects close to our eyes as we get older? |
|
Definition
| The lens loses elasticity. |
|
|
Term
| What do the auditory ossicles do? |
|
Definition
| Conduct vibration from the tympanis membrane to the oval window. |
|
|
Term
| The scala vestibuli and scala tympani are connected by a hole called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the receptors for equilibrium collectively known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can we tell where a sound is coming from? |
|
Definition
| Nerve impulses from a sound reach the ipsilateral half of the pons earlier than the other side. |
|
|
Term
| The tympanic membrane is the innermost wall of the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is following the "H-pattern" with the eyes a method of testing the Optic Nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Weber/Rinne test is for testing which branch of Cranial VIII? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cranial nerve III for? |
|
Definition
| Motor for pupil constriction and motor for eyeball movement. |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve is tested using cinnamon and coffee grounds? |
|
Definition
| Cranial nerve I and the olfactory nerve. |
|
|
Term
| A light is shone into the right eye of a patient. The light is then shone into the left eye of a patient. Neither pupil constricts. Both pupils constrict, where is the lesion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Splenium of the corpus callosum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genu of the corpus callosum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body of the corpus callosum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intermediate mass of the thalamus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tympanic membrane (ear drum). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body of the corpus callosum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pyramids of the medulla oblongata. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Splenium of the corpus callosum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body of the corpus callosum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genu of the corpus callosum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genu of the corpus callosum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intermediate mass of thalamus. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pyramids of the medulla oblongata. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genu of the corpus callosum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intermediate mass of thalamus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body of corpus callosum . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Splenium of corpus callosum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Splenium of the corpus callosum. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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| Intermediate mass of the thalamus. |
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| Left hemisphere of cerebellum. |
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| Right hemisphere of cerebellum. |
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| Left cerebral hemisphere. |
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| Left hemisphere of cerebellum. |
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| Pyramids of the medulla oblongata. |
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| Pyramids of the medulla oblongata. |
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