1. cerebrum

2. diencephalon

3. brain stem

4. cerebrum

1. Pons

2. Medulla

3. Midbrain

Meninges

3 membranes around brain and spinal cord

Function of meninges

1. cover protect CNS (central nervoussystem)

2. enclose, protect blood

3. contain CSF

Name the 3 layers of the meninges

1. dura mater (external)

2. arachnoid mater(middle)

3. pia mater (internal)

dura mater

the strongest layer of the meninges, made of fibrous CT tissue

Name the 2 layers of dura mater.

1.  Peiosteal layer

2.  Meningeal layer

Periosteal Layer

external/superficial layer of the dura mater

Meningeal layer

Internal/deep layer of dura mater

Falx Cerebri

verical partition between cerebral hemispheres that limits movement of the brain

Falx Cerbelli

vertical partition between cerebellular hemispheres that limits movement of the brain

Tentorium Cerebelli

horizontal partition between cerebrum and cerebellum that limits the movement of the brain

Arachnoid mater

middle layer of meninges

Subarachnoid space

area between arachnoid mater and pia mater, contains most of CSF, blood vessels

Arachnoid Villi (Granulations)

projections of arachnoid mater through dura into superior sagittal sinus, act as valves to help CSF pass into dural sinuses

Pia mater

innermost layer of meninges

delicate highly vascular

clings directly to brain tissue, dips into convolutions

Ventricles

expansion of brain's central cavity

lined with ependymal cells

filled with CSF

lateral venticles (#1 & 2)

  ventricles found in the cerebral hemisphere

separated by Septum Pellucidum

Septum Pellucidum

separates ventricles #1 & 2

Third Ventricle

ventricle found in the diencephalon

Interventricular Foramen

connects the third ventricle to the lateral ventricles

Fourth Ventricle

Found in the hindbrain

connects to the central canal of spinal cord and medulla

Cerebral Aqueduct

connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

lateral (2) and medial (1) apertures

3 openings that connect the 4th ventricl to the subarachnoid space

cerebral spinal fluid

liquid cushion for brain

nourishes brain

removes waste

conducts chemical signals between parts of CNS

forms as filtrate of blood in choroid plexuses

Choroid Plexuses

groups of capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells

made of sodium, chloride ions, proteins, glucose, O2

Flow of CSF

-formed in choroid plexuses

-through ventricles

-into subarachnoid space and central canal from 4th ventricle

-through acrachnoid villio into superior sagittal sinus

-into jugular vein 

Cerebrum

*"Executive Suite" of nervous system

    - self awareness, initiate control voluntary movements, communicate, remember, understand

*most superior region

*covers diencephalon and top of brain stem (like mushroom cap)

Transverse Fissure

 separates cerebral hemisphere & cerebellum

Longitudinal Fissure

separates right & left cerebral hemispheres

Sulci

surface grooves on cerebrum

Gyri

ridges of brain tissue between the sulci of the cerebrum

What are the 5 Cerebral (hemisphere) lobes?

-frontal

-parietal

-occipital

-temporal

-insula

Corpus Callosum

the largest commissure between the hemispheres

left cerebral hemisphere

language, mathematics and logic

right cerebral hemisphere

visual-spatial, interpreting facial expressions, intuition, emotion, artistic/musical skills

Diencephalon

surrounded by cerebral hemispheres

made of 3 paired structures

- thalamus

-hypothalamus

-epithalamus

Thalamus

"gateway"

communicates sensory info of the cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus

regulates many body activities

emotion sleep, memory, etc.

pituitary gland

-growth hormone

-thyroid stimula-

 ting hormone

Epithalamus

Pineal gland

-melantonin

      -regulates sleep

What are the structures of the brainstem?

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

Brainstem

passage of all signals between the spinal cord and brain

regulates basic physiological functions

innervation of head and neck

Midbrain

brainstem structure 

visual and auditory reflex centers

somatic motor

attachment for CN III, IV

Pons

brainstem structure 

contains many tracts carrying signals

Attachment for CN V, VI, VII, VIII

Medulla Oblongata

brainstem structure

regulates several basic physiological functions (heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing)

attachment of CN IX, X, XI, XII

Cerebellum

Smooths and coordinates body movements directed by other parts of the brain

Functions of the cerebellum

-information on equilibrium

-movement of neck, trunk, limbs

-information from cerbral cortex

Blood Brain Barrier

protects brain from blood-borne toxins (e.g. urea, food toxins, bacteria)

endothelium of brain capillaries are loaded with tight juction to decrease permeability

not complete protection, some things still have to pass through (e.g. fat -soluble molecules can pass through, some medications)

Arteries

that supply blood to the brain

external carotid and branches

internal carotid and branches

vertebral arteries

External carotid arteries and branches

tissues of head and face, skin, muscles

middle meningela artery = brain

-Boxers!

Internal carotid arteries and branches

Opthalmic artery = eye & orbits

Anterior and Middle arteries = Cerebrum

Vertebral Arteries

posterior brain

vertebrae and cervical spinal cord

branches from cerebral arterial circle = anastomosis

Veins 

that supply blood to the brain

dural sinuses

internal jugular veins

external jugular

vertebral

Dural sinuses

superior & inferior sagittal, transverse, sigmoid, straight, etc.

intracranial-receive blood from veins in brain, bring to internal jugular

Internal Jugular vein

Receives blood from dural sinuses

drains brain

External Jugual vein

drains from scalp and face (superficial)

Vertebral vein

drains cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord, small neck muscles

Sensory nerves

afferent

send nervous impulse from sensory receptors to brain to bring in information

e.g. pressure, temperature, pain

Motor nerves

efferent

send nervous impulse from brain to body to accomplish an action

e.g. movement of a muscle, activation of a gland

Visceral sensory

sensory innervation of viscera

-stretch, pain, temp., chemical changes, irritation in viscera

- special:  taste

Somatic sensory

sensory innervation of outer part body

- touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temp. in skin, body wall, limbs

- special:  hearing, equilibrium, vision, smell

Visceral motor

motor innervation muscle in viscera & glands

-innervation of smooth & cardiac muscle, glands

Somatic motor

motor innervation of skeletal muscle

-innervation of skeletal muscles except for pharyngeal arch muscle

Branchial motor

motor innervation of pharyngeal arch muscle

-facial expression, pharyngeal constrictors, suprhyoid, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius