Describe the primary function

a.  Medulla oblongata

b.  Pons

c.  Midbrain

i.  superior colliculi

ii.  inferior colliculi

a.  Medulla Oblongata=cardiac center/vasomotor/respiratory, reflexes, sneezing, coughing, swallowing and vomiting

b.  Pons=Relay signals for voluntary movement to cerebellum.  Helps control breathing

c.  Midbrain=

i.  superior colliculi, visual tracking,pupillary and accomadation

ii.  inferior colliculi=auditory pathway and startle reflex

Describe the primary function

d.  Reticular formation and the RAS

e.  Cerebellum

f.  thalamus

d.  Reticular formation and the RAS=sensory and motor functions.  Arousal and consciousness.  damage=coma.  This is also helpful in pain modulation

e.  Cerebellum=Cerebral peduncles are here.  This is helpful with smooth coordinated movements, it helps maintain balance and posture

f.  Thalmus=Relay station for most sensory impulses.  Relays info. between different areas of the cerebrum

Describe the primary function of

g.  Hypothalmus

Hypothalmus=

1.  controls ANS

2.  produces hormones and controls pituitary gland

3.  regulates hunger and thirst

4.  regulates circadian rhythms and consciousness

5.  regulates emotional and behavioral patterns, anger, aggression, fear, pleasure, and sex drive

6.  controls thermoregulation

Describe the primary functions

h.  Limbic system

i.  amygdala

ii.  hippocampus

Limbic system=emotional brain

i.  Amygdala=emotion

ii.  Hippocampus=memory

Describe the location

1.  Longitudinal fissure

2.  Corpus callosum

3.  Lateral sulcus

4.  Central sulcus

1.  Longitudinal fissure=separate the central hemispheres

2.  Corpus callosum=connects cerebral hemispheres

3.  Lateral sulcus=separates frontal antd temporal lobe

4.  Central sulcus=separates frontal and parietal lobe

What is the function of basal ganglia(nuclei)?

caudate nucleus

globus pallidus

putamen

a.  projection tracts = that run up and down the spinal cord

b.  commisural tracts=cross hemispheres and connect 2 hemishperes in the corpus callosum, anterior and posterior commisures are anterior and posterior to this

c.  association tracts=connects within a hemisphere

Describe the cortical location and primary function

a.  primary somatosensory area

b.  somatosensory association area

s.  location=Post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe.  function=1.  touch 2.  pressure 3.  proprioception 4.  temperature 5.  itch 6.  pain The impulses received here are contralateral.  The exact location of the sensation comes from the primary somatosensory cortex

b.  location=Post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe.  function=integrate and interpret information 1.  position of limbs 2.  location of touch, pain 3.  determination of weight, texture, shape 4.  Stores memories of sensation

Describe the cortical location and primary function

c.  olfaction

d.  gustatory

c.  location=medial aspect of temporal lobe.  function=smell

d.  location=Post-central gyrus.  function=taste

Describe the cortical and primary function of

e.  visual area

f.  visual association area

e.  location=far back of occipital.  function=Determining shape, color, and movement

f.  location=occipital lobe  function=Recognition of visual stimuli, relates present and past experiences

Describe the cortical location and primary function of

g.  auditory and association area

h.  primary motor area

g.  location=temporal lobe  function=ability to recognize speech, music and noise

auditory is the superior part of the temporal lobe, it interprets sounds heard, pitch and rhythm

h.  location=Pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe.  function=voluntary contralateral muscle movements.  More cortical area for decilate movements like thumbs, fingers, and lips

Describe the cortical location and primary function

i.  premotor cortex

j.  Brocca's area

i.  associated area in rt hemisphere

i.  location=Pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe

function=voluntary contralateral specialized movements

j.  location=left frontal lobe

function=speech

i.  Rt hemisphere=emotional language

lesions=emotionless speech

Describe cortical location and primary function of

k.  Wernicke's area

i.  associated in right hemisphere

k.  location=left temporal and parietal lobes

function=ability to recognize and interpret the meaning of speech

i.  location=rt. hemisphere

function=recognizes emotional speech

lesions=inability to read a person's emotions

What causes

a.  cerebral palsy

b.  epilepsy

c.  CVA

a.  damage to the motor during fetal development

b.  seizure, motor convulsions and firing of neurons when they shouldn't

c.  loss of blood flow to part of the brain

ischemia=Loss of O2 to the brain, a.k.a. a stroke.  There is loss of motor control here

T or F

Regulation of temperature is part of the hypothalmus

T or F

Regulation of food intake is a function of the hypothalmus

T or F

The heart of the limbic system is the medulla oblongata

T or F

The limbic system is part of our emotional brain

T or F

The left cerebral hemisphere is mainly involved with visual spatial skills

T or F

The CSF is produced in the epithalmus

T or F

The basal nuclei are directly connected to motor pathways

T or F

The amygdala is part of the limbic system

All of the following are attributed to the amygdala except

1.  assesment of danger

2.  recognition of fear

3.  resolving mental conflict

4.  eliciting the fear response

Which of the following is not due to impairment in the function of the hypothalamus

1.  obesity

2.  inability to coordinate fine motor skills

3.  sleep disorders

4.  failure to thrive

Which is considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex

1.  the pons

2.  the thalamus

3.  the hypothalamus

4.  the limbic system

The cerebral cortex has all of the following features except

1.  its convoluted surface triples its surface

2.  it accounts for 40% of the brain mass

3.  it is composed of white matter

4.  it is arranged in six layers

Which of the following separates the cerebral hemisphere 

1.  transverse fissure

2.  septum pellucidum

3.  central sulcus

4.  longitudinal fissure

Which part of the brain is involved in thirst

1.  cerebral cortex

2.  cerebellum

3.  pons

4.  hypothalamus

5.  temporal lobe

Which of the following is the autonomic control center?

1.  pons

2.  hypothalamus

3.  midbrain

4.  diencephalon

5.  medulla oblongata

Which about the prefrontal cortex is incorrect?

1.  it occupies the posterior portion of the frontal lobe

2.  it is the most complicated region

3.  it is not fully mature in children

4.  it is involved with cognitive abilities 

Which is not part of the basal nuclei?

1.  corpus callosum

2.  caudate nucleus

3.  amygdala

4.  globus pallidum

What is not composed of white matter?

1.  internal capsule

2.  fornix

3.  corpus callosum

4.  putamen

5.  projection fibers

What is a function of the basal ganglia?

1.  thermoregulation

2.  determining if a person is right or left handed

3.  connecting corresponding areas of the cerebral cortex to enable them to function as a whole

4.  starting, stopping, and monitoring gait and arm swinging

Which is not in the hypothalamus?

1.  autonomic control center

2.  food intake regulation

3.  body temperature regulation center

4.  central balance

5.  sleep-wake cycles

Which maintains homeostasis?

1.  cerebral cortex

2.  medulla oblongata

3.  pons

4.  cerebellum

5.  hypothalamus

Which of the following areas of the brain can be considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex?

1.  cerebellum

2.  pons

3.  basal nuclei

4.  hypothalamus

5.  thalamus

Which of the following is not involved in speech processing?

1.  superior colliculi

2.  Wernicke's area

3.  lateral prefrontal cortex

4.  Brocca's area

Which of the following is a function of the pons

1.  contains nuclei that relays information from the cerebrum to the creebellum

2.  contols vomiting

3.  thermoregulation

4.  nucleus for the abducens nerve

5.  provides motor signals to the dred nucleus

Melatonin is produced by the

1.  pineal gland

2.  choroid plexus

3.  hypothalamus

4.  meninges

5.  pituitary

In which of the following does sorting and editing of impulses take place?

1.  basal nuclei

2.  hypothalamus

3.  prefrontal cortex

4.  thalamic nuclei

5.  post central cortex

matching

1.  corpus callosum   a.  commisure

2.  internal capusule  b.  projection

3.  basal nuclei  c.  outer gray matter

4.  cerebral cortex  d.  central gray matter

1-a

2-b

3-d

4-c

1.  thalamus  a.  controls visual reflesex that control hand and eye movement

2.  hypothalamus  b.  sorts and edits information from the sensory area

3.  epithalamus  c.  the main visceral control enter

4.  midbrain  d.  cardiovascular, respiratory and sneezing

5.  pons  e.  pneumonotaxic

6.  medulla  f.  pineal gland melatonin

1-b

2-c

3-f

4-a

5-e

6-d

1.  commisural fibers  a.  connect different parts of the same hemisphere

2.  association fibers  b.  our conscious mind

3.  projection fibers  c.  starts and stops movements

4.  basal nuclei  d.  enters the hemispheres from our lower brain or cord centers

5.  cerebral cortex  e.  connect gray areas of the two hemispheres

1-e

2-a

3-d

4-c

5-b

1.  cerebellum  a.  includes prefrontal cortex, posterior association areas and limbic association areas

2.  limbic  b.  keeps the prefrontal cortex cortex alert and conscious

3.  reticular formation  c.  allows smooth and coordinated movements and agility

4.  reticular formation  c.  allows smooth and coordinated movements and agility

5.  multmodal association  d.  integrates sensory information with emotional response

1-c

2-d

3-b

4-a

Fiber tracts that allow neurons within the same cerebral hemisphere to communicate are

a.  association tracts

b.  commisures

c.  projection tracts

The primary cortex, Brocca's area, and the premotor area are located in which lobe

a.  frontal

b.  parietal

c.  temporal

d.  occipital

a.  cerebral aqueduct

b.  tracts=cerebral peduncles

c.  superior colliculi=visual tracking, pupillary and accomodation reflexes

d.  inferior colliculi=auditory pathway and startle reflex

e.  nuclei for cranial nevrves 111, 1V

1.  thalamus

2.  hypothalamus

3.  epithalamus

1.  cerebral hemispheres

2.  cerebral cortex

3.  central sulcus

4.  lateral cerebral sulcus

5.  parieto-occipital sulcus

6.  white matter of the cerebrum

3 parts

a.  projection tracts

b.  commissural tracts

c.  association tracts

1.  visual

2.  auditory

3.  Wernicke's

4.  somatosensory

1.  There is a sensory receptor here

2.  There is a sensory neouron here, it synapses in the dorsal root ganglion

3.  There is an integrating center 

monosynaptic=sensory motor neurons

polysynaptic=sensory interneurons synapsing with motor neurons

4.  Motor neurons send impulses thru the ventral root of the spinal cord to an effector

5.  There is an effector

What are the following types of somatic reflexes

a.  stretch

b.  flexor

c.  crossed extensor

d.  Which is monosynaptic
?  polysynaptic?

e.  Which affects the contralateral?  ipsilateral?

a.  monosynaptic, patellar, prevents overstretching of a muscle

b.  prevents excessive force on a muscle, monosynaptic

c.  polysynaptic, ipsilataleral, contracts muscle, causing flexion and prevents injury

d. polysynaptic, contralateral, maintains balance 

31

8-C

12-T

5-L

5-S

1-coccygeal

Emerges thru intervertebral foramen

Contains both afferent and efferent axons before they split

Describe the following nerve plexuses:

a.  cervical

i.  phrenic

b.  brachial

i.  radial

c.  lumbosacral

i.  sciatic nerve

a.  Innervate skin and muscles of head, neck, shoulder and chest

i.  phrenic innervates the diaphragm

b.  Innervates upper arm, shoulder and neck

i.  radial supplies lateral aspect of forearm

c.  Begins at hip and runs the length of the thigh

i.  sciatic involves shooting pain along the posterior lateral side of thigh

1.  the diaphragm

2.  anterior muscles that flex the forearm

3.  muscles that flex the wrist and digits

4.  muscles that extend the digits

5.  muscles of the posterior leg

a.  brachial

b.  cervical

c.  lumbar

d.  sacral

1-B

2-A

3-A

4-A

5-D

Reflexes are classified functionally as autonomic reflexes if they activate skeletal muscle

true or false

true or false

The cranial nerves serve structures only in the head or neck

true or false

Nerves are either sensory or motor but Not both

Which doesn't arise from the brachial plexus

1.  musculocutaneous nerve

2.  phrenic nerve

3.  axillary nerve

4.  radial nerve

5.  ulnar

Which is Not a nerve plexus?

1.  lumbar

2.  sacral

3.  cervical

4.  brachial

5.  thoracic rami

Which helps maintain balance?

1.  superficial reflexes

2.  withdrawal reflexes

3.  tendon reflexes

4.  cross extensor reflexes

5.  flexor

The muscle fiber that to efferent impulses is known as

1.  motor neuron

2.  sensory neuron

3.  receptor

4.  integration center

5.  effector

When you move your finger what part of your brain would not be active?

1.  hypothalamus

2.  cerebral cortex

3.  basal nuclei

4.  cerebellum

What doesn't receive sensory information from the cervical plexus?

1.  the face

2.  the ear

3.  the neck

4.  the shoulder

5.  the back of the head

1.  stretch reflexes

2.  flexor reflexes

3.  tendon reflexes

4.  cross extensor reflexes

B.  Stretched and excited by external force or by activatin motor neurons, causing muscles to contract

C.  Initiated by a painful stimulus that causes automic withdrawal

D.  Important in maintaining balance

E.  Causes lengthening and relaxation

1-B

2-C

3-E

4-D

1.  receptor

2.  sensory neuron

3.  integration center

4.  motor neuron

5.  effector

A.  conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector organ

B.  Site of stimulus action

C.  muscle fiber responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting

D.  In simple reflex arcs, may be a single synapse between a sensory and motor neuron aor have multiple synapses with chains of neurons

E.  Transmits afferent impulses to the CNS

1-B

2-E

3-D

4-A

5-C

Something is crawling on your arm causing a tickling sensation.  You are aware of this sensation because impulses are being relayed to neurons in the:

a.  Pre-central gyrus

b.  Post-central gyrus

c.  Frontal lobe

d.  Temporal lobe

Broca's area:

a.  is involved in the production of speech

b.  is located in the occipital lobe

c.  is involved in the comprehension of speech

d.  is involved in olfaction 

Grandma Lucy suffered a stroke and is unable to move her right arm.  Which lobe of Grandma Lucy's brain is most likely affected?

a.  frontal

b.  temporal

c.  parietal

d.  occipital

the basal ganglia are white fiber tracts that relay motor impulses within the cerebrum

t or f

You know that you are holding an object, but you cannot tell that it is a small, smooth, round ball.  Whic part of the brain is most likely afected?

a.  Pre-frontal cortex

b.  Superior colliculi

c.  Somatosensory association area

d.  Wernicke's area

Clare was startled and she turned around wuickly to see what it was.  This starlte reflex was controlled by the:

a.  thalamus

b.  medulla oblongata

c.  inferior colliculi

d.  reticular formation

Logan came down with a cold causing him to sneeze and cough a lot.  Which part of Logan's brain is responsible for controlling the sneezing and coughing?

a. hypothalamus

b.  medulla oblongata

c.  primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

d.  limbic system

Visual impulses MUST travel through the _____ before being routed to the occipital lobe:

a.  Pons

b.  Somatosensory association area of the cerebral cortex

c.  Thalamus

d.  Hypothalamus

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hyupothalamus?

a.  Regulation of food intake (hunger)

b. Control of the pituiary gland

c. Regulation of body tempaerature

d.  Regulation of skeletal muscle movements 

Which of the following is part of the limbic system?

a.  Amygdala

b.  Pineal gland

c.  Hippocampus

d.  All of the above

e.  Only a and c

What isw the primary function of each cranial nerve?

a.  What would happen if the cranial nerve were damaged?

i.  List any conditions associated with the cranial nerves

1.  olfactory (S)=loss of smell

2.  optic  (S)=Loss of vision

3.  oculomotor (M)=Loss of eye movement and pupil constriction

4.trochlear (B)=Inability to rotate eyes

5.  trigeminal (B)=Inabilty to chew or feel face sensations

6. abducens (M)=Loss of lateral eye rotation

7.  facial (B)=Loss of facial expression, tear glands, nasal glands, salivary glands and taste buds

8.  auditory (S)=Loss of hearing and balance

9.  glossopharyngeal (B)=Inability to swallow or gag or speak

10.  vagus (B)=fatal if both nerves are damaged

11.  spinal accessory (M)=Inability to move head or neck

12.  hypoglossal (M)=speech problems

1X, X, X1, X11

extrinsic eye muscles-sketal muscles/iris, eye movements and opening eyelid

intrinsic eye muscles-pupil constriction and lens adjustment

(1) sensory impulses for smell

(11)  sensory impulses for vision

(111)  Extrinsic eye muscles- eye movements and opening eyelid

Intrinsic eye muscles-pupil constriction and lens adjustment

(1V)  Rotates eye down and laterally

(V)  Largest cranial nerve, opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches  Mixed nerve, sensations in face, chewing, dental anesthesia

(V1) Rotates laterally

(V11)  Mixed nerve facial expression, tear glands, nasal glands, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands sense of taste

(V111) Hearing (cochlear) and equilibrium (vestibular)

(1X)  Swallowing, salivating (parotid salivary gland)  gagging sensaioins from tongue/pharynx sensations from outer ear

(X)  Pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal regulation parasympathetic

(X1)  Swallowing, head, neck and shoulder movements

(X11)  Tongue movements, speech, food manipulation, swallowing