Term
| What are the 4 basic stages of processing involved in forming a memory? |
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Definition
1) Encoding of information (selection of information)
2) Consolidation (strengthening of connections)
3) Storage (indefinite amount of time)
4) Retrieval |
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Term
| What are the major types of memory systems? |
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Definition
1) Working or short-term
- controls on-going behavior
- transient and of limited capacity (can be stored)
2) Long-term memory (requires reactivation to be used)
- Declarative, explicit memories (episodic and semantic), which are consolidated and stored with conscious awareness
- Non-declarative LTM is implicit memories of skills and operations- existence manifested through performance that are stored without conscious awareness. |
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Term
| What does the case of H.M tell us about the anatomy of declarative LTM? |
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Definition
Hippocampus is required for consolidation of declarative, episodic memories.
-Removal of medial temporal lobes (hippocampal formation) produced mild retrograde amnesia and profound anterograde amnesia.
- Failed "Figure test" of memory consolidation, specific for explicit, declarative long-term memories.
- Procedural memory formation and retention were unaffected (non-declarative) |
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Term
| What brain structures participate in the consolidation of declarative, episodic/semantic memory? |
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Definition
1) Medial temporal lobes
- Hippocampus
- Rhinal cortices (entorhinal and perirhinal, and parahippocampal gyrus)
2) Medial diencephalon
- Anterior and dorsomedial nuclei of midline thalamic nuclei
- Mamillary bodies of hypothalamus
3) Basal forebrain
- Septum
- Diagonal band of Broca
- Nucleus basalis of meynart- ACh
4) Frontal Lobe (temporal context of an event) |
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Term
| Which neural structures subserve the consolidation of temporal context vs. spatial context in declarative, episodic LTM? |
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Definition
1) Frontal lobe important for temporal information
2) Medial temporal lobe regions (hippocampus, entorhinal cortices) are important for spatial context |
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Term
| Which neural regions participate in the storage and retrieval of declarative long-term memory, respectively? |
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Definition
1) Storage in secondary sensory association cortices
2) Retrieval (controversial) appears to involve frontal lobes |
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Term
| What neural structures subserve the consolidation of non-declarative (procedural) memories? |
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Definition
Acquisition of sensorimotor skills and stimulus-response relationships
**unlike H.M. patients with Huntington's and PD do not show improvement in rotary pursuit task**
1) Caudate nucleus and putamen of basal ganglia
2) Cerebellum |
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Term
| What neural structures subserve the storage of non-declarative (procedural) memories? |
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Definition
| Supplementary motor and premotor cortices (area 6) |
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Term
| What neural substrates subserve working/STM? |
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Definition
1) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- lesions produce difficulty in Digit-span test
- poorly on self-ordered tasks (name 1-10 randomly) |
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Term
| What is the basic structure of the cortico-striatal system involved in non-declarative memory formation? |
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Definition
1) Higher-order sensory areas receive input and communicate with striatum (consolidation).
2) The striatum passes off the information to the globus pallidus and then to be stored in premotor and supplementary motor areas via the ventral thalamus. |
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