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| a tough, white fibrous connective tissue covering which consists of two layers, between which are the large venous sinuses of the brain |
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| a horizontal layer (crescent shaped fold) of dura mater that roofs over the posterior cranial fossa; it separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe |
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| dural fold passing between the two cerebral hemispheres; its narrow end in front is attached to the internal frontal crest and the crista galli |
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| begins at the frontal bone, where it receives a vein from the nasal cavity, and passes posteriorly to the occipital bone; it lies in the upper fixed border of the falx cerebri, runs backward and becomes continuous with the right transverse sinus, and communicates on each side with the venous lacunae; arachnoid villi and granulations project into the lacunae |
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| lies in the lower free margin of the falx cerebri; it runs backward and joins the great cerebral vein to form the straight sinus |
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| the junction between the superior sagittal, straight, and transverse sinuses; leads into the transverse sinus; the occipital sinus is caudal to it |
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| lies at the junction of the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebella; it is formed at the union of the inferior sagittal sinus with the great cerebral vein, it drains into the left transverse sinus |
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| lies in the attached margin of the falx cerebri; communicates with the vertebral veins through the foramen magnum and the transverse sinuses |
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| right begins as a continuation of the superior sagittal sinus; the left is usually a continuation of the straight sinus; each lies in the lateral attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli, and they end on each side by becoming the sigmoid sinus |
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| they are a direct continuation of the transverse sinuses; each curves downward behind the mastoid antrum and then leaves the skull through the jugular foramen to become the internal jugular vein |
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| arises from the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa; it enters the cranial cavity and runs forward and laterally in a groove on the upper surface of the squamous part of the temporal bone; it passes through the foramen spinosum to lie between the meningeal and endosteal layers of dura |
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| nonvascular middle layer of mater; delicate, impermeable membrane covering the brain and lying between the pia mater internally and the dura mater externally; it is separated from the dura by the subdural space and from the pia by the subarachnoid space |
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| vascularized inner layer of mater; “like a glove”; a vascular membrane that closely invests the brain, covering the gyri and descending into the deepest sulci; it extends over the cranial nerves and fuses with the epineurium (the superficial connective tissue covering around a nerve; the cerebral arteries entering the substance of the brain carry a sheath with them |
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| potential space between the skull bone and dura mater |
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| a potential space that divides the dura mater from the arachnoid mater |
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| consists of the medulla, pons, and midbrain and is the smallest of the four brain divisions |
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| conical in shape, connects pons above to the spinal cord below; involved in regulating breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure |
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| swelling on either side of the median fissure (in the medulla) that are composed of bundles of nerve fibers |
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| the crossing over of most of the descending nerve fibers of the pyramids to the opposite side |
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| situated on the anterior surface of the cerebellum below the midbrain and above the medulla oblongata; composed mainly of nerve fibers, which connect the two halves of the cerebellum; forms a “bridge” between the medulla inferiorly and the midbrain superiorly; involved in regulation of arousal and breathing |
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| the narrow part of the brain that passes through the tentorial notch and connects the forebrain (cerebrum and diencephalon) to the hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata); consists of a dorsal part, the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus, and a ventral part, the cerebral peduncles; contains nuclei and pathways for ocular reflexes, eye movements, and postural reflex centers; involved in coordinated eye movement, auditory perception, and contains the cerebral peduncles |
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| superior and inferior colliculi |
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| located on the posterior side; superior is involved in coordinated eye movement and the inferior is involved in auditory perception |
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| crus cerebri (cerebral peduncle) |
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| two large fiber bundles of pathways between the cortex and midbrain that continue into the cerebellum and spinal cord; the route of white matter between the cortex and the rest of the brain; tracts of afferent (sensory) or efferent (motor) axons enter or leave the cerebellum through the cerebellar peduncles |
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| a deep depression on the inferior surface of the mesencephalon between the two cerebral peduncles and superior to the insertion of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) |
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| involved in coordinating motor activity |
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| considered the center of conscious perception and thought and conscious initiation of motor activity |
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| most prominent fissure on the cerebral cortex that separates the cerebrum into right and left halves called cerebral hemispheres |
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| lateral sulcus (lateral fissure) |
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| deliniates the temporal lobe |
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| separates the frontal and parietal lobes |
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| situated in front of the central sulcus and above the lateral sulcus |
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| contains areas of the cortex involved in motor control |
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| situated behind the central sulcus and above the lateral sulcus |
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| contains the sensory cortical areas |
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| situated below the lateral sulcus |
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| situated below the parieto-occipital sulcus |
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| located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe; each region controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles or groups of muscles |
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| a motor association are that is immediately anterior to the primary motor area; neurons communicate with the primary motor cortex, the sensory association areas in the parietal lobe, the basal ganglia, and the thalamus; deals with learned motor activities of a complex and sequential nature |
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Term
| somatosensory cortex, primary |
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Definition
| located directly posterior to the central sulcus of each cerebral hemisphere in the postcentral gyrus of each parietal lobe; it extends from the lateral cerebral sulcus, along the lateral surface of the parietal lobe to the longitudinal fissure, and then along the medial surface of the parietal lobe within the longitudinal fissure |
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| just posterior to and receives input from the primary somatosensory area, as well as from the thalamus and other parts of the brain; it permits you to determine the exact shape and texture of an object without looking at it, to determine the orientation of one body part to another; also stores memories of past sensory experiences |
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| located at the posterior tip of the occipital lobe, mainly on the medial surface (next to the longitudinal fissure); receives visual information and is involved in visual perception |
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| located in the superior part of the temporal lobe near the lateral cerebral sulcus; receives information for sound and is involved in auditory perception |
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| receptive speech (Wernicke’s) |
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| a broad region in the left temporal and parietal lobes that interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words; damage in this area results in receptive aphasia |
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| located in the frontal lobe close to the lateral cerebral sulcus; usually located in the left cerebral hemisphere; damage in this area results in expressive aphasia |
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| the pathway for white matter communicating between cerebral hemispheres |
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| bundles of white matter that form stripes that distinguish them from the grey matter of the nuclei they traverse |
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| large nuclear masses in the cerebrum deep to the cortical lobes; they comprise part of the extrapyramidal motor system exclusive of the corticospinal system; it is involved in highly stereotyped movements and is a phylogenetically older system; disturbances in the system cause involuntary movements like tremors and abnormal muscle tone (rigidity) |
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| follows a C shaped course below the corpus callosum (in the wall of the lateral ventricle); has a large “head” connected to a smaller “tail” by a long comma-shaped “body” |
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| a round structure located at the base of the telencephalon; it regulates movements and influences various types of learning; it plays a role in degenerative neurological disorders (i.e., Parkinson’s); it is located superficial to the globus pallidus and closer to the cerebral cortex |
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| a sub-cortical structure of the brain located deep to the putamen and closer to the thalamus |
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| forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle |
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| forms the bulk of the diencephalon, expands laterally, and has an oval shape; is a relay center for input of the cortex and some of the information leaving the cortex |
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| relays visual impulses for sight from the retina to the primary visual area of the cerebral cortex; base of optic nerve (CN II) |
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| includes the optic chiasm and the stalk of the pituitary; regulates autonomic activity and primordial drives; a small region of the diencephalon inferior to the thalamus |
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| secretes several hormones that control other endocrine gland; it is a small region of the brain below the thalamus that is the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems |
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| a small region superior and posterior to the thalamus, includes the pineal gland |
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| about the size of a small pea and protrudes from the posterior midline of the third ventricle; it is part of the endocrine system and secretes the hormone melatonin |
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| lateral ventricle (two) (cerebrum) |
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Definition
| communicates rostrally with the third ventricle via the left and right interventricular foramen of Monroe |
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| third ventricle (thalamus) |
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Definition
| 2 thalami form the lateral walls; communicates caudally with the cerebral aqueduct |
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| cerebral aqueduct (midbrain) |
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Definition
| a narrow channel passing through the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth ventricles |
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| fourth ventricle (cerebellum/pons/medulla) |
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| a broad shallow cavity extending from the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain to the middle of the medulla, where it opens into the subarachnoid space; it is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord |
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| interventricular foramen (foramen of Monroe) |
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Definition
| connects the lateral and third ventricles |
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| remove CSF from the subarachnoid space and returns it to the blood circulation; the CSF then diffuses into the superior sagittal sinus (arterial pressure>CSF pressure>venous pressure); they are aggregations of arachnoid villi, which are projections of the arachnoid mater into the venous sinuses |
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| medial and lateral apertures |
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Definition
| openings in the fourth ventricle where CSF enters the subarachnoid space; there is one medial and two lateral |
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| invaginations into the ventricular cavities by the blood vessels of the pia mater; an undulating sheet of tissue found in the lateral, 3rd, and 4th ventricles of the brain |
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| formed by the choroid plexuses present in the fourth, third, and each lateral ventricle; it enters the ventricles and flows from the lateral ventricles through interventricular foramina into the third ventricle, through the cerebral aqueduct, and into the fourth ventricle, and finally through the three foramina in the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space to circulate slowly around the brain and spinal cord |
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| lies in the subarachnoid space at the base of the brain; formed by the anastomosis between the branches of the two internal carotid arteries and the two vertebral arteries |
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