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Definition
| Layer of gray matter on the outermost portion of the cerebrum. Contains 75% of all the neuron cell bodies in the body! |
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| Control voluntary muscles |
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Definition
| Pyramidal cells’ axons form pyramidal tracts, controls precise skeletal muscle movement |
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| Controls learned motor skills (repetition & pattern) |
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Definition
| Only present in left hemisphere, responsible for motor speech |
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Definition
| Controls voluntary eye movements |
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Definition
| Conscious awareness of sensations (sight, smell, taste, sound, touch, balance) |
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Term
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
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Definition
| Receives sensory information & and uses spatial discrimination to identify the region of the body being stimulated |
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Term
| Somatosensory Association Cortex |
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Definition
Integrates sensory input
Visual Areas: Primary visual cortex receives visual information from the retina of the eye, while visual association area is used for visual recognition |
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Definition
| Primary auditory cortex receives impulses from inner ear (volume, pitch, location), while the auditory association area interprets the sound (object or speech) |
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Definition
| Smell receptor fibers in nasal cavities send information to olfactory cortex in order to bring awareness to odors |
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Definition
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| Perceives visceral sensations (upset stomach, full bladder) |
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Definition
| Spatial information from inner ear is sent to vestibular cortex to give awareness of balance and position in space |
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Term
| Multimodal Association Areas |
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Definition
| Analyze, interpret, reason, verbalize |
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Term
| Anterior Association Area/ Prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
| Cognition, recall, personality |
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Term
| Posterior Association Area |
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Definition
| Recognizing patterns, faces, localization |
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Definition
| Understanding written & spoken language |
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Definition
| Part of the limbic system, provides emotional impact |
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Term
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Definition
1.Responsible for communication between cerebral cortex & lower CNS centers
2.Consists of tracts of myelinated fibers classified by direction the run:
o Commisural Fibers: Connect gray areas of both hemispheres
o Association Fibers: Connect different parts of the same hemisphere
o Projection Fibers: Enter & exit the cerebrum to & from lower brain & spinal cord centers (corona radiata) |
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Definition
| Connect gray areas of both hemispheres |
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Definition
| Connect different parts of the same hemisphere |
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Definition
| Enter & exit the cerebrum to & from lower brain & spinal cord centers (corona radiata) |
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Term
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Definition
Clusters of neurons located deep within white matter core
Function not fully understood but may play a role in motor function, attention, cognition
Important for starting, stopping, modulating & coordinating actions |
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Definition
| Forms central core of forebrain |
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Term
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Definition
1.Composed of large nuclei
2.Major relay station of the brain
o Ascending sensory impulses are sent to the sensory cortex
o Subcortical motor nuclei & cerebellar input sent to motor cortex
o Impulses from association areas are sent to lower CNS areas |
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Term
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Definition
1.Main controller of visceral function, important for maintaining homeostasis
2.Roles:
o Autonomic control center
o Center for emotional response
o Body temperature regulation
o Regulation of food intake
o Regulation of water balance & thirst
o Regulation of sleep-wake cycles
o Controls the endocrine system |
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Definition
| Includes pineal gland which secretes melatonin to help with sleep-wake cycles |
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Definition
| Produces programmed, automatic behaviors necessary for survival. Produces pathway for fiber tracts to leave and enter the brain & lower CNS. Also associated with cranial nerves & is involved with innervation of the head |
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Term
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Definition
-Corpora quadrigemina: Visual & auditory reflex center
-Red nucleus: Subcortical motor centers
-Substantia nigra: Synthesizes dopamine precursor molecule |
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Term
| Corpora quadrigemina(midbrain) |
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Definition
| Visual & auditory reflex center |
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Term
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Definition
| Subcortical motor centers |
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Term
| Substantia nigra(midbrain) |
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Definition
| Synthesizes dopamine precursor molecule |
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Definition
1.Mainly a conduction area
2.Relays information between the motor cortex & cerebellum
3.Also helps regulate breathing rate and depth |
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Definition
| Transmits all ascending and descending impulses and contains vital activities |
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Definition
| Relay sensory information on the state of muscles to the cerebellum |
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Definition
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Definition
| Maintains balance/ equilibrium |
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Definition
o Cardiac Center: Transmit impulses to the heart in order to control heart rate
o Vasomotor Center: Impulses stimulate smooth muscles on blood vessels to dilate and constrict
o Respiratory Center: Along with the pons, it adjusts rate/ rhythm and depth of breathing |
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Term
| Cardiac Center(motor nuclei) |
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Definition
| Transmit impulses to the heart in order to control heart rate |
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Term
| Vasomotor Center(motor nuclei) |
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Definition
| Impulses stimulate smooth muscles on blood vessels to dilate and constrict |
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Term
| Respiratory Center(motor nuclei) |
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Definition
| Along with the pons, it adjusts rate/ rhythm and depth of breathing |
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Term
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Definition
§ Acts as a reflex center for integrating sensory information for coordination and balance
§ Results are smooth, well-timed movements
§ Functions subconsciously |
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Term
| The Limbic System: The “emotional” brain |
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Definition
Produces emotions and modifies behaviors
Amygdala: Recognizes “dangerous” expressions (anger, fear), elicits fear response, plays a role in memory
Cingulate gyrus: Expression by body gestures & plays a role in resolving mental conflicts
Hypothalamus: See previous section
Hippocampus: Plays a major role in memory & spatial navigation
Fornix: Links limbic regions to each other |
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Term
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Definition
Loosely clustered neurons that extend through the central core of brain stem
Reticular activating system (RAS) filters incoming sensory impulses and arouses the cerebral cortex into wakefulness when significant impulses arrive
Inhibited by sleep centers in the hypothalamus |
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