neuronal circuits have intrinsic properties that facilitate coordinated motor behaviors.

central pattern hgenerators for locomotion. - these are located in the spinal cord. can produce preprogrammed, feed foward pattern of muscle activity patters even in the abscence (see slide)

afferent-intergration-efferent 

innate vs conditioned reflex

monosynaptic vs polysynaptic

somatic reflexes

autonomic reflexes (smooth muscle... ) 

tendon strike stretches quads reflex contraction

reciprocal (hamstring) muscle is inhibited. 

muscle (contractile) - extrafusal

inrafusal - 

when you hit the knee you are hitting the tendon. 

sensory information of length change goes to the spinal cord and is connected to a motor neuron.

muscle spindal

golgi tendon organ

joint receptors

muscle spinda- in muscles, sense stretch

gogli tendonn organ - near tendon. sense force.

joint receptors- sense pressure, position. 

feet foward.

-refelxice adjustment to balance change

-prepare body for threat

-combines with feedback

proper muscle activation patters for maintaining balance depends ipon both the biomechanical configuration of the body as well as multisensory cues. 

movement summart

refelxive movement

rhythmic movements

postural reflexes

net effect of inhibition or exhibition

look up more. 

reduce overall inhibition you will get excitation. this is where tremors come from.

dopamine is involved/ basal ganglion involved. 

look at basal ganglion pathways 

and parkinson disease pathways 

stimulated where the net effect is inhibatory. electrons ar eplaced in differenct areas... see if symptoms go away or not. (Ask Dr. Laplaca)

-developed at emory university

provides nutrience and oxygen

everything that goes into pumping out blood. 

four chambers.

-right atrium

-right ventricle

-left ventricle

-left atrium*

artery is away from the heart.

oxygenated blood goes towards the heart and you want it to pump back to the body.

systemic circulation - organs all in parallel and goes on and on.

pulmonary vein is what carrises the oxygen.

-atrioventricular (AV) valves. between atria and ventricles. thin flips of tiisue attatched to ring of connective tissue at their base, edges are attactched on ventricular side to collagenous cords called chordae tendinea.

semilunar valves- (aortic and pulmonary) prevents blood that has entered the arteries from flowing back into ventricles during ventricle relaxation. 

Diastole

& systole

diastole- relaxation

systole - contraction

Atrial Systole - when atrial contraction begins. 

relexation is longer than contraction. 

end atrial contraction (pushes AV valce close but does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valves. there is contraction of the muscle itself traveling through heart. WANT ACTION POTENTIALS TO REACH THE VENTRICLE AT THE RIGHT TIME) and begin relaxation. Can have filling when the pressure differential allows it.

semilunar valves open and the blood is ejected. 

Av valves close. blood is flowing into the relaxed atria. everything is in diastole. There is now a passive filling. (passing opening of the AV valves)

how much blood is pumped out of one cycle. 

EDV-ESV = STROKE VOLUME

volume of blood pumped per ventricle per unit time. 

CO = Heartbeat * stroke volume

Average CO = 72 beats/min* 70ml ~ 5 liters/min

avg total blood volume  = 5 liters

stroke volume is related to force during cardiac constricition. 

under normal conditions the heart will pump all the blood that is returned to it.

-as additional blood enters the heart, the heart contracts more forcefully. 

make sure you understand fully. go over diagram.

go over. skeletal, smooth, cardiac. 

-are apart of the limbic system.

-hippocampus is involved in memory

-amygdala is involved with emotions and commuicates with autonoic nervous system via the hypothalamus. 

Transmitting sensory information

part 1. total of 5 parts. 

first sensory receptors are activated by stimuli in the environment.basic function of the recepor is to convert a stimulus into electrochemical energy. this conversion process is called sensory transduction.mediated through the opening and closing of ion channels.

part 2 of transmitting sensory information.

first order sensory afferent neurons.

may also be the receptor cel. usually has its cell body in a dorsal root or spinal cord ganglion.

part 3 of transmitting sensory information.

second order sensory afferent neurons. first order neurons synapse on second order neurons in the relay nuclei (located in the spinal cord or brain stem) 

interneurons process and modify the sensory information received from first order neurons. Axons of the second order neurons leave the relay nucleus and ascend to the next relay. (in thalamus) where they synapse on third neurons. en route to thalamus the axons of these second order neurons cross at the midline. (this may occur in the spinal cord) 

part 5 of transmitting sensory information.

receptors are classified by the type of stimulus that activates them. 

the five types of receptors are mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermopreceptors, nociceptors. 

step 2 of activating a sensory receptor

ion channels

ion channels- change when there is a stimulus occuring. it causes ion channels to open and close. which results in a change in current flow.

resulting change in membrane potential either depolarization or hyperpolarization is called receptor potential or generator potential. the receptor potential is not an action potential- it increases or decreases the likelihood that an action potential will occur.

depolarizing & hyperpolarizing. 

depolarizing it moves the membrane potential towards threshold and increases the likelihood that an action potential will occur. if receptor is hyperpolarizing it moves the membrane potential away from threshold always decreasing the likelihood that an action potential will occur.

defines an area of the body tha when stimulated results in a change in firing rate of sensory neurons. change in firing rate can increase or decrease. receptive fields are described as excitatory (excits and increases firing rate) or inhibitory.

receptor fields vary in size. the smaller a receptive field the more precisely the sensation can be localized or identified. the higher order of CNS neuron the more complex the receptor field, since more neurons converge in relay nuclei at each level. first order sensory neurons have the simplest receptive fields. 

what is our system? 

where start?

what?

how?

stimulus- (action potential)- in sympathetic nervous system- neurons (post ganglionic)

Myocardial cells

B receptors (linked to a g protein(effects of a g protein initiated it coud modulate the opening and closing of ion channels)(what is the g protein stimulation doing... causes ca to increase as well as adenylate cyclase, cAMP, raise conductance of ca inside the cell)

norepinephrine

ca2+ ion channels pre synaptic (going to open so that nerepinephrine is released) -cardiac cells post synaptic

sympathetic activity ↑

causes↓

Neroprenephrine release

↓

binds to beta 1 receptor(b1 adrenegic receptor)

↓      ↓

which is on cardiac myo-cytes         causes adencyc

↓ 

   (activity) G protein

           ↓

casuese aden cyc

↓ 

causes increase cAMP

                    ↓ 

Causes an increase in ca2+

                    ↓ 

an increase in actin-myosin

                    ↓ 

           power stroke

                    ↓ 

tension

 ↓ 

contractibility 

more AP

CAUSES CA TO enter

 leads to Ne to be release

G Alpha 1 adrean binds

causes calium in the cell to go up

more calcium  comodulation interactions

more myosin (mlck necessary for power stroke in smooth muscle cells) activity

more cross bridges and active mysosin

more contraction

electrophysiological events that control heart contraction

mapping autorhythmic cells

maybe use verbs.

have them firing

how do they get to conducting pathway- they are connected to electrical junction and will depolarize. 

conducting system is not nerves. the conducting system is speacialized cells. 

-cv system transports material throughout the body

-oxygen

-nutrients

-cell cell communication hormones

arteries

veins

valves

septum

atrials

and ventricles

carry blood away from the heart

carry blood back to the heart

work like turnstiles to keep blood flow in one direction

central wall between the left and right half of the heart

pulmonary circulation: 

abdominal aorta

supplies blood to the trunk, legs, liver and digestive tract. most common from for an anerism*

first branch is the coronary

second branch is caratid(take your pulse in your neck)

four big arteries going up to the brain.

arch- aortic arch

pressure in your vessell side is highest.

anurism in the brain. (a vessell explodes in the brain)

thrombus- is a clot. it becomes an embulus. (when the clot becomes detached) 

capallaries- innermost layer of the vessell. protechting the underlying tissue. smooth muscle cells in there and protecting connective tissue.

if you expose smoothe msucle tissue, there is a signal to repair. this happens inside the lumen in order to repair it. 

portal system-two capallery beds that are connected. 

CO = HR * SV

1/RT = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3

RT = R artrery + R arterole + Rcap + Rventricle + Rvein 

skeletal muscles use around 20% and as much as 85% during excericise. 

arteries(hold 11% of circulating blood) divide into smaller and smaller arterioles. (smallest arteries)

-matreterioles (have only part of their wall surrounded by smooth muscle 

-can act as a bypass channe; directing blood flow

capillary beds. 

blood brain barrier (all the capaleries in the brain)

barrier between the blood side and the barrier side. 

t

subset of epithelial cells

inermost layer of vessell

smooth lining

non thromobogenic

cells line up in direction flow

form capillaries

injury to endothelial cells can initiate disease

sympathetic only

noraphrenephric

vasoconstriciton/ vasolidation

less actional potential less contraction

auto regulated 

myogenic autoregulated: vascular smoot muscle have the ability to regulat its own state of contraction.

-mechanism is stretch that opens ca++ channels

paracrines

NO, low 02 or H CO2 dialate arterioles

active hypermia

reactive hypermia 

adenosine

not all vasoactive paracrines refelect changes in metabolism. 

-serotonim released by acitvated platelets, triggers constriction of srteries.

-histamine is a poten vasodilator.