Term
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Definition
| how experience changes the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| how these changes are stored and subsequently reactivated |
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Term
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Definition
| any pathological loss of memory |
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Term
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Definition
Associated w/ alcoholism (& prolonged thiamine deficiency)
Sensory and motor deficits, extreme confusion, personality changes
Initially, anterograde amnesia for explicit episodic memories
As disease progresses, severe retrograde amnesia
Damage to medial diencephalon and diffuse damage to hippocampus, cerebellum, parts of cortex |
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Term
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Definition
Cholinergic neurons affected
Initially, mild memory loss
Progressive dev of dementia
Confusion, irritability, anxiety, speech problems
Major anterograde and retrograde amnesia
Reduced Ach levels due to degeneration of basal forebrain, also other diffuse damage (Fig. 10.13)
Characteristic tangles and plaques (Fig. 10.12) due to build up of amyloid, plus neuron loss
Genetic component |
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Term
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Definition
Concussion = temporary disturbance of consciousness produced by a non-penetrating head injury
May result in Posttraumatic Amnesia (PTA)
Coma = pathological state of unconsciousness
Lasts only short time after severe blow to head, but can have both retrograde and anterograde amnesia (Fig. 11.6)
Gradients of retrograde amnesia support idea of memory consolidation |
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Term
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Definition
stimulate/enhance release of catecholamines (DA/NE)
& blocks reuptake |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks reuptake of catecholemines |
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Term
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Definition
blocks release of ACh
relaxes the muscle |
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Term
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Definition
cholinergic receptor agonist
acts like ACh
longer effects than ACh |
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Term
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Definition
not enough ACh receptors
blocks AChE from breaking down ACh |
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Term
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Definition
| stops AChE breakdown of ACh |
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Term
| Acetocholinesterase (AChE) |
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Definition
breaks down ACh
inhibited by pestides & nerve gas |
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Term
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Definition
disinhibition
blocks adenosine inhibition of glutamate release
glutamate can release and cause EPSP |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks reuptake of serotonin into presynaptic synapsse |
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Term
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Definition
neuromodulator
enhances GABA effects ( 4 part receptor complex, binding opens Cl- channel, additional binding allows channel to stay open longer) |
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Term
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Definition
neuromodulators
enhance GABA effects ( 4 part receptor complex, binding opens Cl- channel, additional binding allows channel to stay open longer) |
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Term
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Definition
Presynaptic facilitation of Substance P release
not found in body naturally; found in chili peppers
binds to receptores to increase sub P |
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Term
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Definition
| Not Sub P- Glutamate release |
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Term
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Definition
| release with intense pain |
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Term
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Definition
Presynaptic inhibition of Substance P release
blocks release of Substance P |
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Term
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Definition
Spontaneously recurring epileptic seizures (convulsions, tremors, rigidity, loss of balance & consciousness)
Types: Partial, Simple Partial, Comples Partial, Generalized, Grand Mal, Petit Mal |
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Term
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Definition
degeneration of myelin sheaths
sclerosis= scarring |
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Term
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Definition
programmed cell death
ex. webbed hands
=falling off
very important for development of NS |
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Term
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Definition
programmed cell death
ex. webbed hands
=falling off
very important for development of NS
when nucleus changes EARLY
duration: slow (days)
DNA fragmentation-> cells shrink |
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Term
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Definition
passive cell death
usually secondary to injury
when nucleus changes LATE
duration: FAST (hrs)
cell membrane injury-> cells burst |
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Term
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Definition
Extra 21st chromosome
Often get Alzheimer's also (when older) |
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Term
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Definition
Hyperkinetic (damage to Basal Ganglia)
Destruction of caudate- putamen neurons
Affects motor system (involuntary and exaggerated movements)
Progressive genetic disease (death in 15 yrs)
Onset 30-50s
50% chance child will get it (Autosomal Dominant trait)
Apoptosis: H protein prevents degeneration |
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Term
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Definition
Missing gene to break down Phenylalamine (aa)
If not treated-> Mental retardation
Trtment: Strict diet |
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Term
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Definition
Enter general circulation from lungs, GI tract, through skin
Accumulate in BRAIN
ex) mad-hatter (mercury), crack pot (lead) |
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Term
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Definition
| =chronic insanity prod by neurotoxins |
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Term
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Definition
| can either have affinity for brain (e.g., rabies) or have equal affinity for brain as other organs (e.g., mumps, herpes) |
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Term
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Definition
Infectious proteins that damage CNS -> dementias, freq w/ motor Sx
hard to sanitize
usually fatal
ex. mad cow/crutzfelt-jacob/ scrapie/ kuru |
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Term
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Definition
Meningitis = inflammation of meninges
General Paresis = syndrome of insanity and dementia resulting from syphilis |
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Term
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Definition
| =invasion of brain by microorganisms resulting in inflammation is encephalitis |
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Term
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Definition
=brain injuries prod by blows to head that do not penetrate skull
ex. contusion, hematoma, contre-coup, concussion, punch-drunk |
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Term
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Definition
closed-head injury that involves damage to cerebral circulation system
internal hemmorrhaging resulting in hematoma (bruise) |
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Term
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Definition
Localized collection of blood in organ or tissue
Bruise |
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Term
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Definition
| =results from brain striking inside of skull on side of head opposite to blow |
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Term
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Definition
=no contusion, but clear disturbance
not permament |
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Term
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Definition
| =dementia & cerebral scarring after repeated concussions |
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Term
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Definition
1. bl vessels blcked
2. neurons affected by ISCHEMIA, rel excessive glutamate
3. excessive glutamate binds to NMDA receptors, triggers excessive influx of Na and Ca ions into postsynaptic neurons
4. excessive Na and Ca ions eventually kills postsynaptic neurons but triggers cascade |
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Term
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Definition
causes strokes
=disruption of blood supply to area of brain
3 main causes: thrombosis, embolism, arterioscherosis |
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Term
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Definition
| plug (thrombus) formed & blocks blood flow at site of formation |
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Term
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Definition
| plug (embolus) carried from larger vessel to smaller one, where it becomes lodged |
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Term
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Definition
| walls of blood vessels thicken & channels narrow, usually as result of fat deposits, can lead to complete blockage |
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Term
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Definition
| are of dead or dying tissue produced by a stroke |
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Term
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Definition
causes strokes
=bleeding in brain
occurs when cerebral blood vessels rupture & blood seeps into surrounding neural tissues & damages it |
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Term
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Definition
=pathological balloon-like dilation in wall of blood vessel where elasticity of vessel wall is defective
may be congenital or caused by vascular poisoning |
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Term
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Definition
=sudden onset of cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage
Result from :
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Cerebral Ischemia |
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Term
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Definition
| =surgically removable with little risk of further growth |
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Term
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Definition
=difficult to remove or destroy completely, any cancerous tissue left behind continues to grow
mal=bad |
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Term
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Definition
=tumors grow within own membrane
easy to locate in CAT scan
influence neural function only by pressure they exert on brain |
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Term
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Definition
tumors that grow diffusely through surrounding tissue
usually malignant |
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Term
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Definition
tumor that grows between meninges
encapsulated tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| =transmission of disease from 1 organ to another |
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Term
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Definition
=originated in another organ and grew from INFILTRATING tumor
ex. chemotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
concentrated radiation therapy to the tumor
ONLY BENIGN, Non-Invasive |
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Term
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Definition
=Neurons that fire when an individual performs a particular goal-directed movement or when individual observes the same goal-directed movement performed by another individual
Autistic relation? |
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Term
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Definition
=inability to do repetetive movements
damage to Cerebellum
ex. clapping, tapping, dribbling, etc |
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Term
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Definition
Prefrontal Cortex (plans)->
Premotor Cortex/ Secondary(sequences) ->
Motor Cortex (actions) |
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Term
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Definition
| like alcohol intoxication |
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Term
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Definition
2 hemispheres + flocculus at ventral surface
contains half of neurons in NS
coordination of motor and some cognitive processes |
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Term
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Definition
in cerebellum
control of balance and eye movements |
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Term
| 2 ways cerebellum controls movements: |
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Definition
1. keeps track of timing of movements
2. make adjustments in movements to maintain their accuracy
ex. dart challenge |
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Term
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Definition
=rigidity
ex. Parkinson's
damage to Basal Ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
=production of involuntary movements
ex. Huntington's, Tourette's |
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Term
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Definition
=unwanted tics and vocalizations
onset in childhood, assoc with ADHD
treatment: DA antagonist, haloperidol |
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Term
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Definition
Hypokinetic
rigidity, tremors
loss of nigrostratal dopaminergic input
Treatment: L-Dopa (DA agonists)
ex. Michael J. Fox |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cell bodies in ventral horn
Axons project to muscles
Receive input from corticospinal neurons
Medial MN-> trunk
Lateral-> digits, appendages |
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Term
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Definition
| pathway from cortex to spinal cord, synapses on motor neurons on muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Stretch Receptor embedded in tendons
"dont stretch too much!" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
executed as a whole
do not involve sensory feedback |
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Term
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Definition
Movements that can be corrected, adjusted
involve sensory feedback
ex. threading needle |
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Term
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Definition
infant reflex
-will turn mouth towards cheek |
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Term
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Definition
infant reflex
will grad onto fingers
hold on so not dropped (evolutionary) |
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Term
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Definition
infant reflex
foot curls when stroke bottom of foot
returns with brain damage because inhibitory neurons nonexistant |
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Term
| Muscle spindle feedback system |
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Definition
maintains limb posistion
ex. balancing cat on arm with coffee
EXTRAFUSAL |
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Term
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Definition
Reciprocal Innervation
sensory input activates both exitatory interneurons to motor neuron of FLEXOR muscle & inhibitory (hyperpolarizes-relaxed) interneuron to EXTENSOR motor neuron
NOT monosynaptic |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory in - Motor out
ex. Knee jerk reflex |
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Term
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Definition
=receptors sensitive to the position & movement of the body
ex. stretch receptos (muscles spindle & Golgi Tendon Organ) |
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Term
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Definition
type of stretch receptor (proprioceptors)
associated with INTRAFUSAL muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
=any 2 muscles that act in opposition to each other
ex. flexor & extensor |
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Term
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Definition
| =any 2 muscles whose contraction produces the same movement |
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Term
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Definition
| =act to straighten or extend the joint |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| =part where muscle connects to bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that provide the physical basis for muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| single neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates |
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Term
| 5 Different Taste Receptors |
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Definition
1. Sweet
2. Salty
3. bitter
4. Sour
5. Umami |
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Term
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Definition
| olfacroty nerve-> olfactory bulb which projects via olfactory tract-> Pyriform Cortex (near Amygdala) |
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Term
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Definition
| the conversion of physical energy to an electro chemical |
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Term
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Definition
=set of receptos located near, but separate from the olfactory receptors
for pheromones
diff aa sequence from olf receptors
maintian response stimuli vs. adaptation by olfactory Rs |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit the activity of inhibitory interneurons in the PAG |
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Term
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Definition
somatosensory receptor
perception of pain and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
somatosensory receptor
perception of objects that are grasped & manipulated or contact the body AKA
perception of fine touch and pressure
ex. stroking key |
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Term
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Definition
somatosensory receptor
perception of fine touch and pressure
ex. stroking key |
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Term
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Definition
| perception of the locatin and movt of the body |
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Term
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Definition
indicate position of head
semicircular canals |
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Term
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Definition
Transduction: Hair Cell (Cochlea)
opens Ca channels in hair cell membrane
Coding: Auditory Cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| one-to-one correspondence between some aspect of the physical stimulus and some aspect of the nervous system activity |
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Term
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Definition
| absorption of physical energy by receptors |
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Term
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Definition
Transduction is done by the rods and cones which have the ability to change the photic energy into electrical energy
Coding of neural information occurs in visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| drug whose effects mimic the effects of the natural nts |
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Term
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Definition
| drug whose effects inhibit the effects of natural nts |
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Term
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Definition
| drug whose effects inhibit the effects of natural nts |
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Term
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Definition
receptor connected to ion channel
when nts binds, channel opens or closes |
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Term
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Definition
involves a 2 or more step process
receptor linked to G-protein
2nd messenger= a chemical activated by the neurotransmitter (1st messengeR) |
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Term
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Definition
happens after iono or metabo
involves more than 1 ntx
"modulates" existing effect |
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