Term
| The belief that the mind or spirit exists separately from the body is called |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is used to calculate the equilibrium potential of a particular ion at a given temperature, charge, and ionic concentration inside and outside the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following structures provides energy for cellular processes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only a neuron has which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. one axon and several dendrites |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| d. one axon and one dendrite |
|
|
Term
| What is the resting potential of most mammaliam neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large, star shaped glial cells that provide physical and nutritional support to neurons, and that are often observed with an end-foot wrapped around a blood vessel and other cell processes in near contact with a neuron are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schwann cells are found in the |
|
Definition
| b. peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
| When axons are collected together and travel through the brain in a bundle or group, that bundle is called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what voltage do sodium channels close and potasium channels open during the generation of an action potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following factors cause a re-distribution of ions and a resultant electrical charge (resting potential) across the membrane of a resting program |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following glia perform the same function but in different parts of the nervous system |
|
Definition
| b. schwann cells--oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Term
| A receptor on a post-synaptic membrane |
|
Definition
| a. will connect only with a neurotransmitter with a specially shaped molecule |
|
|
Term
| What function do glial cells perform |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of ion is actively removed from the inside of a neuron by an energy consuming pump to establish the resting potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An action potential moves down the axon by |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In a neuron, the action potential begins at the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the nodes of Ranvier and what occurs there |
|
Definition
| c. they are located between the myelin lumps on the axon and are the location of ion channels that open during an action potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| c. the additive effect of both EPSP's and IPSP's resulting in an action potential |
|
|
Term
| The specialized structure at the far end of the axon that releases neurotransmitter is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The arrival of the action potential at the specialized structure at the end of an axon |
|
Definition
| a. causes calcium ionic channels to open and Ca+ to rush into the structure and move vesicles toward the presynaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of EPSP's and IPSP's on the post-synaptic membrane |
|
Definition
| a. EPSP's cause depolarization and IPSP"s cause hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a. is a type of neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| b. near simultaneous subthreshold EPSP's over a large area of cellular membrane that together cause an action potential |
|
|
Term
| The usual effect of an axoaxonic connection is |
|
Definition
| a. the release of less neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| A receptor located on a pre-synaptic membrane that reacts to the neurotransmitter that is released by the pre-synaptic membrane is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An action potential begins |
|
Definition
| b. after threshold is achievd, by the summation of IPSP's |
|
|
Term
| A synaptic button may terminate on, or more correctly, near which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A gap junction my be a type of |
|
Definition
| d. dendrodendritic connection |
|
|
Term
| The gap junction type of synapse |
|
Definition
c. permits the direct exchange of ions between membranes rather than involving the release of a neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is correct |
|
Definition
| a. Aristotle: empiricism and inductive reasoning; Socrates and Plato: deductive reasoning |
|
|
Term
| The absolute refractory period |
|
Definition
| c. begins with the opening of Na+ channels and ends with the closing of K+ channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a. a number of axons that are tied together with connective tissue and travel from one part of the nervous system to another |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the structure that contains neurotransmitter in the synaptic button |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| c. is a chemical which breaks down ACh in the synaptic cleft |
|
|
Term
| When depolarization occurs in a neuron, it means |
|
Definition
| a. to make the cell less negative |
|
|
Term
| During an action potential, when do K+ channels open |
|
Definition
| b. at approximately +50mV, just as Na+ channels are closing |
|
|
Term
| Keeping certain ions and other substances inside of the neuron and others outside is the function of the |
|
Definition
| c. semipermeable membrane |
|
|
Term
| Which of the follwoing is a type of neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A myelin sheath is formed around which structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons that have very short axons, usually less than 1mm, are referred to as what type of neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A G-coupled protein is most closely associated with which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do psychoactive drugs have an effect on the neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do psychoactive drugs have an effect on the neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are substances that may be released by a neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscarinic and nicotenic receptors bind to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the sheath that protects a fasiculus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the ions involved in developing and maintaining the resting potential of a neuron are found in greater concentration inside the cell than outside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of receptor is found at the axon hillock and nodes of Ranvier |
|
Definition
| c. voltage-gated receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the functions of the ventricles and cerebral spinal fluid |
|
Definition
| a. is to absorb shock and lessen the weight (or compression) of the brain |
|
|
Term
| In humans and other mammals the |
|
Definition
| c. 4th ventricle is posterior to the 3rd ventricle |
|
|
Term
| The Corpus Callosum is a subpart of which of the following divisions of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Audition and speech primary functions of which portion of the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A major function of the limbic system is |
|
Definition
| a. generation/control of emotion |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the 9th cranial nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the body is innervated by the vagus nerve |
|
Definition
| a. thoracic and abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
The homonculus that lies on the pre-central gryrus of the cortex has very large hands but a very small thigh. Why? |
|
Definition
| b. the number of muscles in the hand is much larger than the number of muscles in the thigh and thus requires more cortical neurons |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ventral roots of each spinal vertebrae contain axons carrying |
|
Definition
| c. motor (efferent) information to muscles and glands from the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| The cell bodies of axons passing through the dorsal root are located in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the arteries that supply blood to the brain and how many are there |
|
Definition
| b. 2 vertebral, 2 carotid |
|
|
Term
| Nerves leave the spinal column at the level of a particular vertebrae to control muscles in a specific area of the body. This area is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What general cell type carries sensory (afferent) somatosensory information from the body into the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the World Health Organization, at what level or numbered category are the sedative hupnotics and anti-anxiety drugs listed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell bodies or preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the |
|
Definition
| d. thoracic and lumbar grey matter |
|
|
Term
| The modern era of drug treatment began in the mid-fifties with the introduction of which drug used to treat schizophrenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preparation of the body for fighting, fleeing, feeding or mating is primarily in response to stimulation by the |
|
Definition
| b. sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an antianxiety medication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both pre- and post-ganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system generally use which neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A major difference between exocrine glands and endocrine glands is that |
|
Definition
| a. exocrine glands have a "duct" and endocrine glands do not |
|
|
Term
| To which part of the pituitary gland are releasing factors delivered via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smooth muscle of the body is controlled by |
|
Definition
| c. autonomic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Many endocrine system glands are controlled by a master gland. This gland is called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypophyseal gland is primarily controlled by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pons, medulla, cerebellum, and ARAS are subdivisions of which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Slicing the brain through the midline, dividing it into left and right hemispheres, is called a |
|
Definition
| c. sagittal or midsagittal section |
|
|
Term
| Slicing a brain on a plane that is parallel to the face is called a |
|
Definition
| a. coronal or transverse section |
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Chorea result from degeneration in which structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spinal roots filling the lower third of the vertebral column are referred to as the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypoglossal nerve is which cranial nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An example of an exocrine gland is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cerebral aqueduct connects the |
|
Definition
| c. 3rd and 4th ventricles |
|
|
Term
| The thalamus and hypothalamus are subdivisions of which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the 8th cranial nerve |
|
Definition
| c. carries auditory and vestibulatory information |
|
|
Term
| The automatic, unconscious integrationof complex movement is the function of whichof the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the US, hallucinogens adn psychedelics are listed in which category |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structure transfers information from one hemisphere to the other hemisphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which structure would be found a nucleus of cells that maintains arousal, thus preventing sleep |
|
Definition
| b. reticular activating system |
|
|
Term
| Which structure integrates visual information with attention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical stimulation of specific areas of the hypothalamus in the cat may produce which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulation by which of the following will cause an increase in heart rate, increased respiration, a rise in blood sugar, dilation of blood vessels in peripheral muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hippocampus, amygdala, septum, and anterior thalamic nuclei are some of the parts of which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus are subparts of which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Color information is transduced by what type of receptor cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the retina there are approximately |
|
Definition
| b. 120 million rods and 6 million cones |
|
|
Term
| The dark current refers to |
|
Definition
| a. the constant flow of Na+ into and out of the visual receptor cell in total darkness resulting in maximum output to bipolar cells |
|
|
Term
| A photon of light striking a molecule of rhodopsin results in which of the following |
|
Definition
| b. 11-cis retinal straightening out and causing opsin to break off |
|
|
Term
What is the functional purpose of the Dark Current |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function fo the iris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following produces an action potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Young-Helmholtz theory postulates that |
|
Definition
| c. color vision is derived from three different types of cones with each cone most sensitive to a particular wavelength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a. can be "off" type or "on" type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
c. have receptive fields that are either center-off, surround on or center-on, surround off |
|
|
Term
| A definate counter balance (no output) resulting from light simultaneously striking both center and surround portions of a visual receptive field, tonic rsponse, sensitivity to stationary stimuli but not moving stikuli, and a small receptive field describes which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a. fast moving edges or lines |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following structures receive visual information from the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypercomplex cells differ from simple and complex cells because they respond to |
|
Definition
| c. moving lines or edges that have ends |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of columnar organization of simple cells in striate cortex |
|
Definition
| b. adjacent columns respond to lines or edges that are of slightly different orientation or angle (about 10 degrees) |
|
|
Term
| The pitch of a sound is measured in |
|
Definition
| a. cycles per second or hertz |
|
|
Term
| The ossicles refer to the |
|
Definition
| c. malleus, incus, and stapes |
|
|
Term
| Tonotopic representation refers to the |
|
Definition
| a. spatial arrangement of frequencies on the basilar membrane and auditory cortex that correspond to a specific pitch |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the correct order of structures through which auditory information passes on its way to the perceptual areas of the brain |
|
Definition
| cochlea, cochlear nucleus, superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus, temporal cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of hair cells |
|
Definition
| a. receptor cell for transducing auditory information into an electrical potential |
|
|
Term
| Twenty to eighty onion-like layers wrapped around a somatosensory receptor cell that transduces pressure information is referred to as what type of cutaneous receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Trichromatic Theory was proposed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the correct primary visual pathway |
|
Definition
| b. retina--optic chiasm--lateral geniculate nucleus--strate cortex |
|
|
Term
| Shearing or bending force applied to the cilia of the hair cell |
|
Definition
| a. causes a change in receptor cell membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| The soma or afferent bipolar cells of the auditory system are located in |
|
Definition
| b. dorsal or ventral cochlear nuclei |
|
|
Term
| The cell bodies of unipolar cells of the somatosensory system are located in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatosensory information ascends through the brain via which pathway |
|
Definition
| d. lemniscal, spino-thalamic, spinal-reticulo-thalamic |
|
|
Term
| Sensory information regarding pain and probably temperature ascends through the brain via which pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thermoreceptors in the skin are probably |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the correct order of structures through which the lemniscal system passes |
|
Definition
| a. dorsal root ganglia, dorsal column nuclei, dorsal columns, medial lemniscus, ventral posterior nucleus, post-central gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Decussation or crossover to the opposite side occurs at what level in the lemniscal and spinothalamic systems |
|
Definition
b. both decussate at the level of the medulla or c. the lemniscal system at the level of the medulla, the spinothalamic immediately upon entering the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Reduced vasculature (number of blood vessels), high concentration of cones, and high image resolution describes which retinal structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The temporal cortex is the primary intergration/perception site of which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many known basic qualities of taste are there in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which quality of taste is found on the tip of the tongue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of papillae is found on the anterior portion of the tongue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Current theory postulates that the perception of sourness is generated by |
|
Definition
| a. acids and hydrogen ion binding |
|
|
Term
| Gustatory axons synapse first in which of the following structures |
|
Definition
| b. nucleus of the solitary tract |
|
|
Term
| There are approximately how many taste receptor cells per taste bud |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do olfactory receptor cells synapse first |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structure is associated with detection of phermones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is primary olfactory cortex |
|
Definition
| c. pyriform cortex of the limbic lobe |
|
|
Term
| The function of the round window in the cochlea is to |
|
Definition
| b. permit fluid in the cochlea to surge back and forth in response to membrane movement of the oval window |
|
|
Term
| The umami receptor detects which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptors for bitterness are located on which portion of the tongue |
|
Definition
| d. on the medial posterior portion of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| Receptors for saltiness are located on which portion of the tongue |
|
Definition
| c. on the sides of the tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| c. skin without hair on it |
|
|
Term
| Which type of cell connects to ganglion cells on a one to one basis (1:1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who proposed the Opponent-process Model in vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is true, and is a system found only in primates |
|
Definition
| d. parvocellular system--perception of color and fine detail |
|
|
Term
| Available empirical evidence indicates which of the following is true |
|
Definition
| b. the endogenous circadian rhythm in humas is approximately 24.7 hours |
|
|
Term
| EEG activity in the 8-12 cps frequency range is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Atonia, desynchronized beta activity, and sympathetic nervous system arousal characterizes which type of sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eighty-five to ninety percent of all dreaming takes place in which stage of sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true with regard to sleep |
|
Definition
| c. the first half of the night is characterized by long periods of stage 4 and short periods of REM and the second half is short stage 4 and long REM |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is located in the pons, produces norepinephrine, and promotes arousal in the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is located anterior to the hypothalamus and promotes sleep |
|
Definition
| a. venterolateral preoptic area (VLPA) |
|
|
Term
| Brief, phasic bursts of electrical activity originating in the pons that travel to the lateral geniculate nucleus and then to the occipital lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brief, irresistable, recurrent attacks of sleep during normal awake hours that may be caused by inactivity is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following may cause a person to partially wake-up tens to hundreds of times during a sleep period, interfereing with the normal stages and cycles of sleep, and thus produce a sleep disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the brain produces the circadian rhythm |
|
Definition
| a. suprachiasmatic nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What is the zeitgeber that controls the production and release of melatonin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stage four sleep is characterized by |
|
Definition
| c. a predominance of delta waves and high wave amplitude |
|
|
Term
| When does sleep walking occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In which brain structure was long term potentiation first demonstrated to exist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physical changes that collectively constitue the engram are located where |
|
Definition
| c. at the level of the synapse in many brain areas |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was the first to postulate the reverberating circuit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The discovery of LTP in the brain was significant because |
|
Definition
| b. it demonstrated the probable existence of the reverberating circuit |
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitters are known to be involved in LTP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the reverberating circuit concept and the discovery of LTP |
|
Definition
| c. it demonstrated the existence of a real physical process that could permit consolidation and the formation of long term memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a. a process leading to physical changes in neurons that result in the formation of a long term memory |
|
|
Term
| Karl Lashley found that the more cortex that was removed, the greater the deficit in memory for a previously learned maze. However, maze learning was relatively unaffected by removal of cortex from any one area of the brain. These findings |
|
Definition
| b. supported the concept of equipotentiality |
|
|
Term
| During long term potentiation what is the significance or function of the NMDA receptor |
|
Definition
a. controls the entrance of calcium into the post-synaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of calpain during LTP |
|
Definition
| b. breaks down spectrin causing the dendritic spine to shorten |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the shortening of the dendritic spine length during LTP |
|
Definition
| a. allows the post-synaptic membrane to more easily become depolarized and thus increases the probability that the post-synaptic neuron will fire |
|
|
Term
| The cerebellum is probably most involved in which type of learning |
|
Definition
| b. classical conditioning and fine muscle control |
|
|
Term
| The hippocampus appears to be most involved in or important for |
|
Definition
| c. forming new declarative memories |
|
|
Term
| Research has demonstrated a possible role for nitric oxide in learning. It's probable function is |
|
Definition
| a. a feedback mechanism from post-synaptic to pre-synaptic membrane resulting in the release of more neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| H.M. developed a learning disability as a result of brain surgery to relieve severe seizures. Which part of his brain was removed or damaged? |
|
Definition
| a. temporal stem and hippocampus |
|
|
Term
What type of lerning disability did H.M. develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Severe prolonged vitamin B1 deficiency, often the result of alcohol addiction, may result in learning/memory problems. this disorder is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's disease involves the destruction of which brain structure |
|
Definition
| b. nucleus basalis of Meynert |
|
|
Term
| The Parallel Distributed Processing network model suggests that the engram for a particular memory |
|
Definition
| c. is a functional circuit or interconnected group of neurons in many different brain locations that collectively form a pattern |
|
|
Term
| What type of ion normally blocks a NMDA receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the ejection of the ion blocking the NMDA receptor |
|
Definition
b. glutamate binding to an AMPA receptor which depolarizes the membrane and forces the ejection of the ion |
|
|
Term
| Physical trauma to the brain may cause retrograde amnesia because |
|
Definition
| b. it interferes with consolidation/disrupts the engram |
|
|
Term
| The production of which neurotransmitter is first and most seriously affected in Alzheimer's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humans and other mammals are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the brain is most responsible for regulating body temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Baroreceptors are used for detecting changes for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is the principle location for detecting blood changes that lead to osmotic thirst |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the correct order of chemical events leading to the perception of hypovolemic thirst |
|
Definition
| b. renin + angiotensisnogen--aniotensin I--angiotensin II |
|
|
Term
| What purpose does the lateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus serve |
|
Definition
| receives input from the OVLT and creates the conscious perception of thirst |
|
|
Term
| Which structure releases the hormone renin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of thirst relates to the amount of solutes or substances in the blood system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From your text, if sodium reserves in the body are low, aldosterone is produced. What effect does this have on your body |
|
Definition
| b. causes kidneys, salivary glands, sweat glands to conserve salt |
|
|
Term
| Where are baroreceptors found |
|
Definition
| c. large veins returning blood to the heart |
|
|
Term
| Damage to which brain structure may result in loss of a type of learning called classical conditioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which structure releases melatonin to synchronize the circadian rhythm produced by a second brain structure |
|
Definition
|
|
