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Altering the structure/function of the brain/body to see how this changes behavior. Behavioral intervention = the opposite. |
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| Where did Aristotle locate mental capacities? |
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| advanced our knowledge of the nervous system by dissecting bodies of both people and animals. |
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| drew attention to the brain as the controller of behavior. |
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| Pioneered in providing views from different angles and cross-sectional representations. |
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Suggested the pineal gland for the location of our consciousness because 1) whereas most brain structures are double, located symetrically in the two hemispheres, the pineal gland is single, like consciousness, and 2) Descartes believed, erroneously, that the pineal gland exists only in humans and not in animals. Also pioneered the idea of dualism -- the idea that the mind and body are separate. He was also the first to suggest a link between the mind and body. He was also the first person to come up with the idea of a reflex: if you stubbed your toe, there would be a literal cord going from your foot to your brain, pulling your foot back. We now know we have reflexes, but not physical ones. |
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| convinced educated people in the Western world that the brain is the organ that coordinates and controls behavior. |
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| discovered that language expression is mediated by this specific brain region rather than reflecting activities of the entire brain (localization). |
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| William James' Principles of Psychology |
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| in this book, psychological ideas such as consciousness and other aspects of human experience came to be seen as properties of the nervous system. |
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| showed in 1885 how to measure learning and memory in humans. |
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| sought the site of learning and memory in the brain by removing different brain regions in animal subjects. |
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showed in principle how complex cognitive behavior could be accomplished by networks of active neurons. His hypothesis about how neurons strengthen their connections through use became known as the Hebbian synapse. father of modern behavioral neuroscience. “What fires together, wires together.” If two neurons fire together more, the connection between them is strengthens. This applies not only to individual neurons but to neural networks. |
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| Advantages of having human subjects |
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- follow directions. - report subjective experiences. - less expensive. - have a human brain. |
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| Advantages of non-human subjects |
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→ have simpler nervous systems → use of comparative approach → fewer ethical constraints → easier to control for confounds |
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The father of modern ethics. He was the first to describe effects of head injuries. He was the first to suggest that our mental processes were somehow related to things happening in the brain. However, he thought it was due to an excess to one of the 4 humors humors (black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and sanguine. |
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Advocate of experimental science. Came up with the doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies: Response of the sensory organs to stimuli is specific to the sensory system |
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| Demonstrated that nerves conduct electricity. |
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| Pioneered phrenology: Mental and moral faculties determined by shape of skull. We now know this to be completely untrue. |
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Advocate of experimental ablation: remove part of brain and observe which behaviours
remain. |
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