Paleolithic Age

(Old Stone Age)

Hunting and gathering societies…

a. Are not able to produce art

b. Are always warlike and require little land

c. Organize rather small groups into political units 

d. Could not survive after agriculture was developed in the Fertile Crescent

ANSWER:

c. Organize rather small groups into political units 

Why did the original inhabitants of Australia not develop agriculture?

a. Australia’s soil was too barren to grow crops

b. They were prevented from doing so due to the Neolithic Revolution

c. The Australian climate was too severe

d. They were too isolated to learn developments from elsewhere until recently

ANSWER:

d. They were too isolated to learn developments from elsewhere until recently

[image]

What does this image represent in terms of early man?

ANSWER:

Stone Age paintings found in the caves of Lascaux, France

Mostly painted animals but historians aren't sure why but it shows they had paintings to possibly express a sense of nature's beauty and power

The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 BCE; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished

Causes: Possibly climate change--> people migrated to other parts of the world including more temperate climates in Mediterranean 

-Allowed people to settle in one area

-More food meant larger populations

-Specialization allowed as some moved from farming to other roles

-Focus on particular economic, political and religious goals and activities

-This will lead to the rise of civilizations

Neolithic Revolution is the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization taht led to the development of agricultre; 8500-3500 BCE

 HEARTHS:

-Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia)

-Indus River Valley

-Huang He River Valley

-Nile River Valley

-Sub-Saharan Africa

-MesoAmerica

-Papua New Guinea

-Andes

-Different crops and animals were domesticated in the various hearths due to available local fauna and flora

What Am I?

       –Jordan River Valley, 10,500 to 8000 B.C.E.

       –Abandoned after 9000 B.C.E.

Natufian Complex

Why did the development of agriculture led to an increase in population?

a. Farming was less labor intensive than hunting and gathering

b. The stable food source allowed for more permanent homes and larger families

c. Farming provided a healthier diet than hunting and gathering

d. The nomadic way of life ended worldwide

ANSWER:

b. The stable food source allowed for more permanent homes and larger families

The phrase below describes what culture?

-Used Hammurabi’s Code as the system of law and was organized into city-states; cuneiform

a. Egypt 

b. Olmecs

c. Mesopotamia 

d. Huang He

c. Mesopotamia 

The original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grain and nuts

More gender equality

Exchange between different groups

Humans used fire in new ways: to aid hunting and foraging, to protect 

against predators, and to adapt to cold environments

In hunting and gathering bands, what was a characteristic of labor?

What society created an alphabet around 1300 BCE which was the predecessor of Greek and Latin?

a. Sumerians

b. Babylonians

c. Shang

d. Phoenicians

ANSWER:

d. Phoenicians

-They were a seafaring civilization, located on shores of the eastern Mediterranean and established colonies throughout Mediterranean

Study of changes in population due to things like births, death, illiness, migration, etc.

Seen as the science of populations

Afro-Eurasia

-Pastoralism also affected the environment by grazing large numbers of animals on fertile grasslands leading to eroison and overgrazing

Pottery

Plows

Woven texiles

Metallurgy

Wheels and Wheeled vehicles

The Bronze Age

Useful in agriculture and herding societies; specialization--> artisans and toolmakers

Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was largeer in population than Jericho and had a greater degress of social stratification; houses were constructed out of mud bricks set in timber frameworks

Many religious shrines showed the existence of a powerful priesthood

Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys

Egypt in the Nile River Valley

Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley

Shang in the Yellow (Huang He) Valley

Olmecs in Mesoamerica

Chavín in Andean South America

-Tigris and Euphrates plain

Which region of the world would not had yet experienced the Neolithic transition by 600 CE?

A) Mesoamerica

B) South America

C) Northern Europe

D) Australia

D) Australia

 A culture in which young men upon marriage go to live with the bride’s family

family descent and inheritance traced through female line

Northern China: Millet

Rice: Southeast Asia, to China, India, islands 

Mesoamerica, Peru: Maize, manioc, sweet potatoes

Sub-Saharan Africa: Root and tree crops like sorghum

Papua New Guinea: Sugar cane, taro, yams

Middle East: wheat and barley

Map on page 14 in textbook has diffusion 

First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos

Flourished 1600-1046 BCE

Layed the foundation fo Chinese Civilization

Form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shapted stylus and clay tablets

 Helped with systems of record keeping, taxes, laws, etc.

Major urban complex of the Harappan civilization

Laid out on planned grid pattern

Kiln dried bricks, walled cities--> effective central government (assumed)

Citadels--> strong ruling class; advanced agriculture

Food Surplus--> storable grain

Cities: Ex. Babylon

Specialization: artisans, scribes, using metals

Trade: Ex. transregional between Indus Valley and                 Mesopotamia or Egypt and Nubia

Social Stratification

Organized Government Ex. Assyria Dynasty or Shang

Complex Religions

Written Language: Ex. Hieroglyphs of Cuneiform

Arts/Architecture Ex. Zigguart, temples, etc.

Babylonian ruler from 1792-1750 BCE

Used an organized central bureaucracy

Taxation

Famous for Hannurabi's Code: laws that outlined crimes with punishements, punishment based on social standing and the idea that governement had a responsibility to its citizens

Nomadic

Of Indo-European ancestry

Migrated to what today is India aound 1700 BCE

Polytheistic

Patriarchal Society

Which of the following was NOT an advantage held by homo sapiens?

A) A large brain

B) Opposable thumb

C) Superior speed and body strength

D) Use of tools and weapons

-Additional source of protein

-Expanded choice of material for clothing

-Materials for boats

In comparison to the position of women in hunting and gathering societies, the social status of women in sedentary agricultural communities did what?

A) Improved

B) Stayed about the same

C) Allowed them to monopolize the religious and political elites

D) Declined

The concept of "barbarians"...

A) Was strictly a Chinese idea

B) Was only developed in nineteenth century Euorpean culture

C) Was commonly used to distinguish between cosmopolitan,urban-focused cultures and nomadic peoples

D) Was dropped in modern cultures

-In the Jordan River Valley in the Middle East

- Cultivation of wheat and barley

-Advantages: support larder and more complex social organizations; social stratification and specialization

-Disadvantages: More dependent on specific crops and animals; vulnerable to chanages in ecoloy

Civilization: societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses and existence of nonfarming elties as well as merchant and manufacturing groups

The Vedic Religion

Hebrew Monotheism

Zoroastrianism

Epic of Gilgamesh (Sumerian)

Book of the Dead (Egyptian)

Rig Veda (Indus Valley)

Unified all of Mesopotamia c 1800 BCE

Collapsed due to foreign invasion c 1600 BCE

Famous ruler Hammurabi & his code of laws

Helped extend civilization to other parts of the Middle East

Farming by 5000 B.C.E. 

Civilization emerges by 3200 B.C.E.

Difference from other regions: no city‑states

Government: Ruler was the Pharaoh, (intermediary between gods and men), Bureaucracy and 

Regional governors

Hieroglyphic alphabet--> Pictograms, phonetic

Papyrus (paper)

Monopolized by priesthood

Medicine

Religion: Isis, Osiris, Horus

Cycle of life, annual rise and fall of Nile

An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c 1000 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries

Height from 250 B.C.E. to 50 C.E.

center of iron working

Defeated by Axum, c. 300 C.E.

Pictographic characters grouped together to create a new concept

Typical of Chinese writing

Longshan culture (2000-1500 B.C.E.)

Millet, larger villages

Controlled river with dikes

Rulers associated with flood control

Mythical Yu, ruler of Xia

Religion: Shamans served as oracles

Ideographs 

Shang Dynasty c. 1500 BCE

Chavín

Developed between 1800-1200 BCE in the Andes

-Large stone ceremonial centers

-Chavín de Huantar was their greatest ceremonial center characterized by artistic motifs

-Elite acquired wealth creating more hierarchal structure (patriarchal)

-Rulers often seen as divine and supported by warrior and priestly class

Came from the north, replacing Shang

Flourished 1122-256 BCE

System of indirect rule

Territorial expansion

Ruled through alliances with noble families

Some centralization

Religious practices reshaped; linguistic unity

“Sons of Heaven” emperors were given a mandate from heaven to rule China

What were the three schools of thought that emerged in Classical China?

Founder of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE

First Emperor of China (ended Era of Warring States)

Created China's first centralized government

Legalism

Brutal Ruler

Great Wall

Standarized Chinese Writing

Known for his tomb full of terracota warriors

Followed the Zhou

-First unified, multi-national and power-centralized state in the Chinese history

-Established in 221 BCE at the end of the Era of Warring States

-Founded by Shi Huangdi (the tiger)

-Standarized coinage, weights & measures, uniform Chinese writing, national census

-Great Wall-->forced labor, high taxes 

(the project was built to keep northern invaders out and was worked on for over 1,000 years)

-Great centralization; organized into provincesruled by his appointed bureaucrats

-Burned books and scholars (Confucianism)

Wu Ti (140-87B.C.E.)

-One of the most famous Han rulers

-Establishes peaceful rule

-Promoted Confucianism (created imperialuniversity)

-Examination system 

-Trained bureaucrats 

Territorial expansion: into Korea, Indochina & central Asia

Contact with India

Trade with Roman Empire

Han rule strong until about 220 C.E. 

–Ruled for four centuries

–Long-lasting, stable bureaucracy & lessened the Legalist “hard edge of rule”

–Rise of Chinese sense of uniqueness

-Known as Kung Fuzi

-Major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century BCE

-Wrote the Analects

-Philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi

-Philosophies become foundations for Confucianism

How did the Qin dynasty differed from the Zhou dynasty?

A) It lasted longer

B) It practiced Confucianism

C) Its government was more centralized

D) It was defeated by invading Huns

Which of the following was a Confucian belief?

A) Change should be encouraged and modeled by the emperor

B) A good society has a hierarchy both in family and state

C) Merchants must be valued for their money-making skills

D) People of all social classes and abilities should be actively involved in government

Daoists would agree with Confucianists on all of the following EXCEPT:

A) The importance of political activity

B) Scorn for greed

C) Basic harmony of nature

D) Importance of restraint in personal life

-Favored a strong state, ruling through force

-Belief that human nature was basically evil

-In opposition to Confucianism in many ways

yet the two often combined in exercise of power

What was the capital of the Han Dynasty?

Chang’an was the capital of the Han Dynasty

Which of the following groups was considered "low standing" in official Chinese social hierarchy?

A) Students

B) Merchants

C) Scholars

D) Soldiers

A famous example of "cultural diffusion" in early Chinese history was...

A) The spread of paper-making technology from the Middle East

B) The use of the iron plow from Rome

C) The development of written Mandarin Chinese characters

D) The introduction and spread of Buddhism from India

Laozi (400s B.C.E.)

–Best known Daoist philosopher

–Retreat from society

–State cannot solve all problems

–Nature

-Dao, cosmic force (“the way of nature”)

–Meditation

-Influences Chinese medical practices like acupuncture

Family-->both living and ancestors most important unit 

Reverence for nature through Daoism

Daoism-influenced architecture (i.e. sloping roofs seen on many East Asian temples)

Decorative arts: Ex. Calligraphy

Science concentrated on the practical

Technology: Plows, new collar for draft animals

Iron tools, Water-powered mills and paper

Han government sponsored canal projects to help transport trade goods

Silk Road (flourished under Han)

Economy was mostly based on agriculture (iron was introduced)

-Landowning aristocracy and bureaucrats

-Laboring masses: peasants and artisans

-The “mean people”: Unskilled laborers, Performing artists, slaves

What similarity did early Buddhism and early Christianity share?

A) Support for caste system

B) Inclusion of Greek and Roman gods into their pantheon

C) Allowing women to enter monastic life

D) Prohibition of conversion

Which pair of rulers underwent a religious conversion process that had a broad-based impact on the lands under their control?

A) Julius Caesar and Shi Huangdi

B) Hammurabi and Julius Caesar

C) Asoka and Constantine

D) Henry VIII and Justinian

-Distinctive religious ideas

(Foundations for Hinduism)

-In life there is suffering

-Suffering comes from self desire

-Those seeking the path to nirvana should strive to end suffering

-This can be done by following the Eight Fold Path

Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes:

-Brahmans (priests)

-Warriors

-Merchants

-Peasants

-Untouchables (Dasas) who performed tasks considered polluting like removal of human waste

Dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion of Alexander the Great

-maintained large armies

-elephant troops

-bureaucracy

-postal service

Grandson of Chandragupta

Completed conquest of Indian subcontinent

Converted to Buddhism

Sent out Buddhist missionaries to teach the religion to his subjects, but also honored Hinduism

Gupta Empire

-extended to all but the southern region of India's subcontinet

-overturned in 535 CE by the Huns

Chandragupta's chief minister

Believed in scientific approach to warfare

Wrote the Arthashastra

431-404 BCE

Between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece

Spartan victory but failed to unify Greece

Athenian leader during 5th century BCE

Ruled through negotiation and influence

Died during early stages of Peloponnesian War

Father of Alexander the Great

Ruled Macedonia from 359-336 BCE

Later conquered rest of Greece and placed under Macedonian authority

Alexandria in Egypt

(named after Alexander th Great)

Famous Carthaginian general during Second Punic War, successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome

Used elephants in his campaigns

Augustus Caesar

Sophocles

(496-406 BCE)

Greek writer

Corinthian

Ionic

Doric

Which of the following was not a change brought about during the rule of Julius Caesar?

A) The Senate was abolished

B) Caesar brought more Italians and other provincials into politics at the expense of old Roman families

C) Caesar was named dictator for life

D) Caesar named many new officials and judges

Which of the following was something classical Greek and Chinese societies had in common?

A) Patriarchal family structure

B) Had only queens as leaders

C) Decentralized political structures

D) Fluid social structure

Shintoism

By c700 CE Shintoism unified into single national religion in Japan

Which of the following best survived the Hun invasions in India?

A) Hindu beliefs

B) Political unity

C) Nationalist beliefs

D) Buddhist beliefs

What was an important early symptom of Rome's decline?

Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands

Replaced Meroë in first century CE

Received strong influence from Arabian peninsula

Eventually converted to Christianity

Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c 1200 BCE

Featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems

-Classical culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan

-Extended over broad region

-Featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems

-Highly developed religion

-Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures

-Term also used for leader of this empire

-Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Island

-The Polynesian people reached islands like Fiji and Samoa by 1000 BCE and reaching places such as Hawaii by 400 CE

-Dynasty that succeeded the Han in China

-Emerged from strong rulers in northern China

-United all northern China and reconquered southern China

Major world religion founded in 600s CE in the Arabian peninsula

Based on prophercy of Muhammad

God is Allah

Early Byzantine Emperor (c 482-565)

Responsible for major building in Constantinople and a codification of Roman law

Tried to recapture some additional previously Roman territories but it ended in failure

Bishop of Hippo in Africa

Champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in long term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination

Augustine

Influencial church father and theologian

(354-430 CE)

Later named a Saint 

The Pope

Name comes from papa (father)

Known as the Bishop of Rome

Which of the following practices emerged in the Song era?

A) One Child Policy

B) Arranged Marriages

C) Foot Binding

D) Divorce Rights

Which religious schism stemmed from disputes over legitimaye succession of leadership after the death of its key or found figure?

A) Eastern Orthodox and Catholicism

B) Catholicism and Protestantism

C) Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism

D) Sunni and Shia Islam

Which of the following best describes the points of origin of goods one might find in a Swahili coast market?

A) Chinese, Indian, English

B) Islamic, Indian, Chinese

C) Scandinavian, Indian, Russian

D) Russian, Islamic, English

-Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula

-Culture based on camel and goat nomadism

-Early converts to Islam

-Lived in kin-related clan groups

Which of the following statements concerning inter-clan relationships in bedouin society is most accurate?

A) Clans within the same tribe almost never engaged in warfare, but violence between different tribes was common

B) Arabic society was too mobile to result in many contacts between clans, and therefore violence was minimal

C) Inter-clan violence over control of water and pasturage was common

D) Inter-clan violence was regulated by a universally recognized code of law imposed by the Quraysh in Mecca

-City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula

-Site of Ka'ba

-Original home of Muhammad the founder of Islam

-Location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam

Community of the faithful within Islam

Transcended old tribal boundaries to create a degree of political unity

What was the major difference between Medina and Mecca?

A) Political dominance in Medina was contested between a number of Jewish and bedouin tribes

B) Mecca was established in an oasis, and Medina was in a mountainous region

C) Medina was engaged in long-distance caravan trade, while Mecca was not

 D) Medina was located on the western side of the Arabian Peninsula, while Mecca was located on the Persian Gulf

What was the nature of pre-Islamic bedouin religion?

-Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632 CE

-Resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some larger clans

-Restored unity to Islam

-A Christian sect found in Asia

-Tended to support Islamic invasion of this area in favor of Byzantine rule

-Became cut off from Europe by Muslim invasion

-Muhammad accepted the validity of earlier Christian and Judaic revelations and taught that his own revelations were a final refinement and reformulation of earlier ones

-People of the book

Why was the caliph Uthman disliked by so many Arabs?

Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads

Settled by negotiation that led to the fragmentation of Ali's party

The political and theological faction within Islam that recognized only Ali and the descendants of the family of Muhammad as rightful rulers was called _________________.

Under the Umayyads, the political center of Islam shifted to ______

What was the nature of citizenship within the Umayyad Empire?

What was the term for non-Arab Muslim converts?

"People of the Book"

Applied as inclusive terms for Jewish people, and Christians in Islamic territories

Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads

Resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital

What was the primary cultural contribution of the Muslims during the Abbasid period?

What was the nature of slavery within the Abbasid social system?

A) Slavery was limited to the non-Arab converts to Islam, and died out during the period of the Abbasid Empire

B) Because most unskilled labor was left to the unfree, slaves could be found in both the towns and countryside of the Abbasid Empire

C) Slavery was known in Abbasid cities, but was virtually unknown in the countryside where most labor was performed by a free peasantry

D) Most slaves worked under favorable conditions but were never allowed to convert to Islam

What was the status of artisans in Abbasid cities?

Who were the ayan?

A rural landholding elite

What are some reasons for the decline of the Abbasid dynasty by the ninth century C.E.?

-The retention of regional identities by the population

-The difficulty of moving armies across the great distances of the empire

-The difficulty of compelling local administrators to obey

Which of the following groups did NOT revolt against Abbasid rule?

A) Slaves

B) Sunnis

C) Shi'as 

D) Buyids

Which statement is TRUE regarding Caliph al-Mahdi and the problem of succession in the Abbasid dynasty?

A) He specified the rule of primogeniture, the succession of the oldest son

B) He accepted the Shi'a doctrine that only the person with the most direct relationship to Muhammad should succeed

C) He accepted the radical proposition that only a man of demonstrable Islamic purity should succeed

D) He failed to resolve the problem of dynastic succession, with disastrous results

He appealed to the moderate factions of the Shi'as to support the Abbasid dynasty

What was the fictional account of life at the court of the Caliph al-Rashid?

The Thousand and One Nights

How did the administration of al-Rashid set a trend for subsequent Abbasid rulers?

A) He was at the outset of his reign heavily dependent on Persian advisors, a practice that became commonplace thereafter

B) He divided the empire into a series of states each of which elected representatives to a caliphal parliament at Baghdad

C) He removed all regional governors and established strict absolutism from the court at Baghdad

D) He made the position of caliph all-powerful by building a new capital complex in Cairo

The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims:

confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat (give to charity) and hajj

Which of the following groups did NOT revolt against Abbasid rule?

A) Slaves

B) Sunnis

C) Shi'as

D) Buyids

What was the fictional account of life at the court of the Caliph al-Rashid?

What accounts for the disruption of the agricultural economy of the Abbasid Empire?

A) The decline of the cities led to a fall in the demand for food supplies and consequent drops in agricultural prices

B) Progressive desiccation of the region led to a diminution of the land available for agriculture

C) Spiraling taxation, the destruction of the irrigation works, and pillaging by mercenary armies led to destruction and abandonment of many villages

D) The ayan class began to import large numbers of slaves to work the land

What was the attitude of the Abbasids toward the institution of slavery?

How did the administration of al-Rashid set a trend for subsequent Abbasid rulers?

What was the religious affiliation of the Seljuk Turks?

What accounts for the success of the First Crusade?

The fall of Acre, the last crusader stronghold, occurred in what year?

What was the impact of the Crusades on the Christian West?

What was the trend of urbanization during much of the Abbasid Empire?

What was the level of trade in the Abbasid Empire?

What was the primary written language of the later Abbasid court?

What was the Shah-Nama?

A) The name given to the first wife of the caliph

B) The title of the commander of the slave mercenaries

C) The title given to the oldest son of the caliph 

D) A written history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests

Which of the following statements concerning the Sufi movement within Islam is most accurate?

A) The Sufi movement stressed an increasingly restrictive conservatism within Islam

B) The Sufi movement stressed withdrawal from life and into monastic communities

C) The Sufi movement incorporated mysticism with a trend toward evangelism 

D) The Sufi questioned the Islamic interest in the Greek traditions in science

Mongols

Who Am I?

-Born in 1170s

-Elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206 CE

-Responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions

-Died in 1227 CE

Muslim slave warriors who established a dynasty in Egypt

Defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 CE and halted Mongol advance

How did the political center of Islam change after the Mongol invasions?

What was the difference between the Islamic invasions of India and previous incursions of the subcontinent?

How did Islam and Hinduism differ?

Hindus and Buddhists were treated as dhimmis or "peoples of the book."

What descendant of a Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan led a series of expeditions into India to seize booty in the eleventh century?

What ruler was associated with the transition from raiding to the establishment of an Islamic empire in the Indian subcontinent?

A) Mahmud of Ghazni

B) Muhammad ibn Qasim

C) Hajjaj 

D) Muhammad of Ghur

What groups were most responsible for the conversion of Indians to Islam?

A) Traders and Sufi mystics

B) Ulama and Sunni evangelists

C) Soldiers and Shi'a exiles 

D) Delhi Sultans

Why were the Sufis effective missionaries within the Indian subcontinent?

How did Hinduism respond to the challenge of Islam?

The spread of Islam to southeast Asia was delayed until the fall of the Buddhist trade empire of ______________.

A) Borneo

B) Sumatra

C) Kashmir

D) Shrivijaya

In general, how did Islam spread in southeast Asia?

What was the nature of Islamic religion that developed in Southeast Asia?

Between 800CE and 1500CE, as the frequency and intensity of contact with the outside world increased, which of the following had the most significant impact on sub-Saharan Africa?

A) The arrival of the Portuguese

B) The arrival of Christianity

C) The arrival of Islam 

D) The arrival of Chinese merchants

Which of the following statements concerning political and religious universality in Africa is most accurate?

A) Although a universal empire did not develop in Africa, Islam provided a principle of universality in the continent

B) During the post classical period, Africa was politically united under a single government but remained religiously diverse

C) Universal religions found no adherents in Africa, a fact that helps to account for the failure of a universal political system to develop

D) Neither universal states nor universal religion characterized Africa, but both Christianity and Islam did find adherents in Africa

What was the function of secret societies in African culture?

Which of the following statements concerning the economies of Africa is NOT correct?

A) North Africa was fully involved in the Mediterranean and Arab economic world

B) Settled agriculture and iron working had been established in many areas before the postclassical period

C) Trade was handled by professional merchants, often in kinship groupings

D) Much of the region lacked a market economy and was based on self-sufficient agricultural units

What region of Africa was first converted to Islam by 700 C.E.?

A) East Africa

B) Central Africa

C) West Africa

D) North Africa

What does the phrase "equality before God and inequality within the world" mean?

 

What was the most important Christian kingdom in Africa?

Which of the following statements concerning the Sudanic states of Mali and Songhay is most accurate?

A) Although powerful, the Sudanic states never reached the level of empires

B) Sudanic states had territorial core areas in which the people were of the same ethnic background, but their power extended over subordinate communities

C) What provided the cultural unity necessary for the establishment of states in the Sudan was the conversion of many people to Christianity 

D) The Sudanic states were distinguished from other African civilizations by the peculiar lack of family or clan lineages as an organizing principle of society

What was the geographical location of the empire of Mali?

What monarch is credited with beginning Malinke expansion and creating the Mali Empire?

Which of the following statements concerning the social organization of the Malinke people is most accurate?

A) Following their conversion to Islam, the Malinke removed the worst aspects of social stratification in order to achieve social equality

B) The Malinke recognized only two sorts of people, those who were free and slaves

C) The Malinke regarded all members of the tribal group as children of the ruler and thus essentially equal

D) Malinke society was divided into three groups: clans of freemen, people devoted to religion, and specialists and tradesmen

What was the social and political function of the griots?

What was the nature of urbanization within the Mali Empire?

What ruler was responsible for the creation of the Songhay Empire?

Successor state to Mali that dominated middle reaches of Niger Valley

Formed as an independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty

Capital at Gao

Reached imperial status under Sunni Ali

What was the military title taken by the later rulers of Songhay?

People of norther Nigeria

Formed states following the demise of Songhay Empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions

What accounted for the downfall of Songhay?

What was the relationship between Islam and the indigenous religions of Africa?

A) Islamic teachers attempted to eradicate the animist indigenous religions of Africa

B) Because both indigenous African religion and Islam were monotheistic, the two became inextricably intertwined

C) Islam was able to accommodate pagan practices and beliefs in the early stages of conversion

D) Islam successfully overcame indigenous religious beliefs, and almost all Africans converted to Islam

How did contact with the Muslim world affect the African slave trade and How was the institution of slavery viewed in Muslim society?

Slavery became a more widely diffused phenomenon and the slave trade developed rapidly T

In theory, slavery was seen as a stage in the process of conversion of pagans to Islam

Shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population

First emerged in western Europe and the USA in the 19th century

Which of the following groups did NOT migrate to the coastal region of East Africa?

A) Bantu

B) Seaborne immigrants from Indonesia and Malaya

C) Refugees from Oman 

D) Berbers from north Africa

What was the nature of trade for the towns of east Africa?

How did the expansion of Islam aid in the creation of international trade on the east African coastline?

Powerful city-state (in present day Nigeria) which came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 bute remained relatively free of European influence

Was an important commercial and political entity until the 19th century

Which of the following states represents the development of Bantu concepts of kingship and state-building?

A) Mali

B) Kingdom of Kongo

C) Songhay

D) Mombassa

What was the form of political organization of the Kingdom of Kongo?

Which of the following is most correctly seen as a direct continuation of the Roman Empire?

A) Frankish Empire

B) Ottoman Empire

C) Byzantine Empire 

D) Holy Roman Empire

Slayer of the Bulgars

Defeated Bulgarians for Byzantines in 1014

978-1054

Last of great Kievan monarchs who issued legal codification based on formal codes developed in Byzantium

Russian aristocrats

Held less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe

Identify:

-Mongols

-Captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236

-But left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact

-Increased tax pressures on the government.

-Short-lived military successes in north Africa and Italy.

-Weakening of the empire's defenses on its eastern frontiers

How was the Orthodox  Christian Church different then the Western Christian Church in terms of politics?

Art in the Roman church emphasizes Christ's suffering, while Orthodox art emphasizes Christ's majesty