Term
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Definition
| A delusional and psychotic state, closely resembling acute schizophrenia, that is brought on by repeated use of high doses of amphetamine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of a class of psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states, generalized persistent anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorders. |
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Definition
| A class of substances that are used to combat anxiety. Examples include alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, and the benzodiazepines. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of antischizophrenic drugs that have actions other than the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics. Often feature selective and high-affinity antagonism of serotonin 5HT2 receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of antianxiety drugs that bind with high affinity to receptor molecules in the central nervous system; one example is diazepam (Valium). |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychiatric disorder characterized by periods of depression that alternate with excessive, expansive moods. |
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Term
| bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) |
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Definition
| Mad cow disease, a disorder caused by improperly formed prion proteins, leading to dementia and death. |
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Term
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Definition
| An antipsychotic drug, one of the class of phenothiazines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to the tendency of certain diseases or disorders to occur together in individuals. |
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Term
| cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) |
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Definition
| Psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and improving interpersonal relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to any trait that is seen in both individuals of a pair of twins. |
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Term
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) |
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Definition
| A brain disorder in humans, leading to dementia and death, that is caused by improperly folded prion proteins. The human equivalent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which levels of adrenal glucocorticoids are abnormally high. |
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Term
| deep brain stimulation (DBS) |
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Definition
| Mild electrical stimulation through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A false belief strongly held in spite of contrary evidence. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as an unhappy mood; loss of interests, energy, and appetite; and difficulty concentrating. |
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Term
| dexamethasone suppression test |
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Definition
| A test of pituitary-adrenal function in which the subject is given dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone, which should cause a decline in the production of adrenal corticosteroids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to any trait that is seen in only one individual of a pair of twins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition, seen in schizophrenia, that is characterized by disturbances of thought and difficulty relating events properly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to twins derived from separate eggs (fraternal twins). Such twins are no more closely related genetically than are other full siblings. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothesis that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine. |
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Term
| electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| A last-resort treatment for intractable depression in which a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure. Rapid relief from depressive symptoms often results, associated with improved accumulation of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavioral or physical characteristics acompanying susceptibility to a particular disorder, which may be used to identify those at risk. |
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Term
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Definition
| The statistical study of patterns of disease in a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of learning in which fear comes to be associated with a previously neutral stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothesis that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by understimulation of glutamate receptors. |
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Term
| hypofrontality hypothesis |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that schizophrenia may reflect underactivation of the frontal lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist. |
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Term
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Definition
| A learning paradigm in which individuals are subjected to inescapable, unpleasant conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| An element that, administered to patients, often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| The detachment of a portion of the frontal lobe from the rest of the brain, once used as a treatment for schizophrenia and many other ailments. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothesis that depression is caused by reduced activity of one or more monamine transmitters, such as serotonin. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that breaks down and thereby inactivates monoamine transmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to twins derived from a single fertilized egg (identical twins). Such individuals have the same genotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychiatry, a symptom that reflects insufficient functioning. Examples include emotional and social withdrawal, blunted affect, and slowness and impoverishment of thought and speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors. |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| A syndrome in which the affected individual engages in recurring, repetitive acts that are carried out without rhyme, reason, or the ability to stop. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anesthetic agent that is also a psychedelic drug. PCP makes many people feel dissociated from themselves and their environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| An intense, irrational fear that becomes centered on a specific object, activity, or situation that a person feels compelled to avoid. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychiatry, a behavior that is gained in a disorder. Examples include hallucinations, delusions, and excited motor behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bout of depression that afflicts a woman either shortly before or after giving birth. |
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Term
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| A disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the victim. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that can become improperly folded and thereby can induce other proteins to follow suit, leading to long protein chains that impair neural function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgery in which brain lesions are produced to modify severe psychiatric disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that causes the depletion of monoamines and can lead to depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| A severe psychopathology characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and impoverished thought, and by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. |
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Term
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) |
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Definition
| A drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses; commonly used to treat depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome of confusion, muscle spasms, and fever that may occur when brain levels of serotonin are too high. A risk of taking SSRIs. |
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Term
| supersensitivity psychosis |
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Definition
| An exaggerated psychosis that may emerge when doses of antipsychotic medication are reduced, probably as a consequence of the up-regulation of receptors that occurred during drug treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by involuntary movements, especially involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue; related to prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine. |
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Term
| tricyclic antidepressants |
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Definition
| A class of drugs that act by increasing the synaptic accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major class of antischizophrenic drugs that share antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depression that alternates with normal emotional states. |
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