Term
| Why do farmers ammoniate feed? |
|
Definition
-inc palatability of straw
-inc protein
-inc digestibility
-economical protein source |
|
|
Term
| What feeds are commonly ammoniated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the toxic principle of ammoniated feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What four factors must be "aligned" in order for ammoniated feed to become toxic? |
|
Definition
-source of ammonia
-sugar
-humidity
-heat |
|
|
Term
| How does ammoniated hay differ visually from non-ammoniated hay? |
|
Definition
| -ammoniated hay is darker |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of ammoniated feed toxicity? |
|
Definition
-intermittent seizures
-wild running
-broken bones may be the only thing you see! |
|
|
Term
| Which species is most sensitive to sodium ion toxicity caused by water deprivation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common conditions that lead to sodium toxicity due to water deprivation? |
|
Definition
-mechanical fialure of waterers
-neglect, overcrowding
-medicated water unpalatable
-failure to find waterers
-frozen water |
|
|
Term
| How do oil well sites relate to sodium toxicity? |
|
Definition
| -they pump out tons of saltwater that livestock can get into |
|
|
Term
| Which organ system is affected by sodium toxicity? Why? |
|
Definition
-CSF
-Na passively diffuses into CSF but requires active transport to be removed and rehydration traps sodium in CNS result in cerebral edema |
|
|
Term
| What are the swine clinical signs of sodium toxicity? |
|
Definition
-circling
-head pressing
-pivoting around one foot
-aimless wandering
-blindness
-dog-sit |
|
|
Term
| What is the mortality of sodium toxicity? What percentage ofthose with clinical signs die? |
|
Definition
-mortality is 3-20%
-about 50% of those with clinical signs die |
|
|
Term
| What are the bovine clinical signs of sodium toxicity? |
|
Definition
-head pressing
-knuckling
-slobbering
-blindness
-nasal discharge |
|
|
Term
| What is the characteristic histopathological lesion seen in swine CNS with sodium toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do cattle also get eosinophilic cuffing in the CNS due to sodium toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose sodium toxicity? |
|
Definition
-history
-Serum and CSF Na > 160 mg/L
-Brain Na >1800 ppm |
|
|
Term
| What sample do we send in post mortem to diagnose sodium toxicty? |
|
Definition
| -Brain half frozen and half fixed |
|
|
