Term
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Definition
| everything in the cell but the cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
covers surface of protoplast; is selectively permeable
is continuous through plasmodesmata |
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Term
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Definition
genetic info storage 'warehouse'
has nuclear envelope |
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Term
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Definition
storage containers; contain mostly water and salt, but can also store nutrients and cell waste (can act as toxin, advantageous)
store shit, digest shit, and can defend by nature of being toxic
analogous to lysosome in animal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| protoplast - nucleus & vacuole |
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Term
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Definition
carries out cellular respiration, taking HIGHLY ENERGETIC BUT NONREACTIVE compounds and turning them into reactive compounds that can be used (EX: ATP)
has own DNA and ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
synthesize proteins
(plant cells don't do this much compared to animals) |
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Term
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Definition
transport network of tubes and sheets that carries proteins and other things..
is continuous through plasmodesmata
is continuous with nuclear envelope |
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Term
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Definition
| area of the ER that contains lots of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| alters proteins synthesized in a ribosome if needed |
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Term
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Definition
lacks ribosomes
synthesizes lipids and assembles membranes |
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Term
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Definition
cup-shaped congregation of dicyosomes; rare in plants (root hairs)
important for preparing secretory vesicles and glycosylation of proteins
site of synthesis of cell wall plysacharides |
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Term
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Definition
| all membranes of the cell, except inner mitoconria and plastid membranes |
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Term
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Definition
not heavily researched.
peroxisomes and glyoxysomes |
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Term
|
Definition
most of the volume of the cytoplasm
consists of mostly water, enzymes, and other things, notably actin microfibers and microtubules.
microtubules are most abundant and critical structural element of cells
centriole is 9 sets of 3 short microtubules
microfilaments are composed of actin |
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Term
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Definition
The primary cell wall is capable of rapid expansion during growth.
The secondary cell wall is deposited within the primary cell wall after
the cell reaches mature size. |
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Term
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Definition
a polysaccharide composed of 1,4-linked
β
-D-glucose
residues. Synthesized in the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase. |
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Term
|
Definition
branched polysaccharides that are structurally
homolgous to cellulose because they have a backbone composed of
1,4-linked
β
-D-hexosyl
residues (mannose, galactose, xylose, etc).
Synthesized in the Golgi. |
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Term
|
Definition
a family of complex polysaccharides that all contain 1,4-linked
α
-D-galacturonic acid
. Synthesized in the Golgi. |
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Term
|
Definition
hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs),
proline rich proteins (PRPs) and glycine-rich proteins (GPGs).
Synthesized at rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), modified
in the Golgi. |
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Term
Main differences
between plant and
animal cells: |
|
Definition
Plant cells have: cell
walls, a large central
vacuole, plastids and
turgor pressure.
Animal cells have a
lysosome (related to
vacuole) and centrioles
(function in organizing
microtubules). |
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Term
|
Definition
an integral
membrane protein
that uses cytosolic
UDP-glucose as a
substrate to
synthesize
cellulose that it
deposits
extracellularly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Invertase: enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose |
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Term
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Definition
| a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose |
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Term
| main differences between monocot and eudicot |
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Definition
Seed leaves: 1 for mono, 2 for euDIcot
pedals: 3 (or multiples of 3) for mono, 4, 5 for eudicot
circulatory system (vascular bundles): random for monocots, circular for eudicot |
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Term
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Definition
| protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| 3 main types of plant cells |
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Definition
| parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma |
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Term
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Definition
| uniformly thin, make up pith, epidermis, etc. alive at maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| unevenly thickened, for support. alive at maturity. |
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Term
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Definition
| adds a secondary wall composed of lignin. dead at maturity. ex: xylem |
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Term
| 2 meristems involved in secondary growth |
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Definition
| vascular cambium and cork cambium |
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Term
|
Definition
| secondary xylem and phloem |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| no longer conducting water |
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Term
| branch growth estimated by.. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| method of delivering O2 for gas exchange & respiration |
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Term
| 4 main steps in respiration |
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Definition
| mobilization, glycolysis, TCA or anaerobic fermentation, electron transport & aerobic phosphorylation |
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Term
|
Definition
produces GLUCOSE from STARCH
occurs in the STROMA |
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Term
|
Definition
occurs in cytoplasm
no carbon released
20% of energy available released
pyruvate main product. if O2 present, Krebs. if no, anaerobic fermentation (to recycle NAD+) |
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Term
| in TCA/Krebs/Citric Acid cycle |
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Definition
C released as CO2
products: NADH & FADH
occurs in mitocondrial matrix (stroma) |
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Term
|
Definition
occurs in inner membrane of mitocondria
protons pumped into inner membrane space, flow back to produce ATP
NADH & FADH can provide electrons
O2 is terminal acceptor of protons and water is formed |
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Term
|
Definition
| protons go into the matrix to produce atp |
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Term
|
Definition
makes its own food
organism that makes its own food (organic molecules) from
inorganic molecules |
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Term
| Tree of life: three Domains: |
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Definition
| Eukarya (contains animals and plants), Archaea, and Bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| plants are made of eukaryotic cells, which are much larger than prokaryotic cells |
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Term
| Characteristics of plants |
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Definition
1.Autotrophic
CO2 + light -> glucose
2.Celluose cell walls
cellulose is a β1,4 linked glucose polymer(starch is α1,4 glucose; glycogen is branched 1,4 glucose)
-fungi have chitin (polymer of glucosamine) cell walls
-bacterial cell walls are peptidoglycan
-diatoms have a wall composed of silicic acid
3.Generally non motile
4.Gametes in multicellular gametangia
5.Most have well-defined alternation of generations (gametophyte
and sporophyte generations) |
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Term
|
Definition
| sucrose is α1, β2 linked glucose and fructose |
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Term
|
Definition
cellulose is β1,4 linked glucose
starch is α1,4 linked glucose
they are both POLYMERS of glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
CELLULOSE
- a polysaccharide composed of 1,4-linked
β
-D-glucose
residues. Synthesized in the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase.
HEMICELLULOSE
- branched polysaccharides that are structurally
homolgous to cellulose because they have a backbone composed of
1,4-linked
β
-D-hexosyl
residues (mannose, galactose, xylose, etc).
Synthesized in the Golgi.
PECTIN
- a family of complex polysaccharides that all contain 1,4-linked
α
-D-galacturonic acid
. Synthesized in the Golgi.
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
: hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs),
proline rich proteins (PRPs) and glycine-rich proteins (GPGs).
Synthesized at rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), modified
in the Golgi. |
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Term
| where is cellulose synthesized? by what? |
|
Definition
at the plasma membrane
by cellulose synthase |
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Term
|
Definition
fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane, releasing the contents
of the vesicle to the cell exterior.
Other cell wall components such as hemicellulose and pectin are synthesized in the Golgi and delivered to the cell wall by
exocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
connections between cells
connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells,
the continuous cytoplasm is called the
symplast
The space outside of cells is called the
apoplast or cell wall space. |
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Term
| cytoskeleton motor proteins |
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Definition
myosimn - moves on actin microfibers
Kinesin and Dynein motor proteins
move in different directions on
microtubules. |
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Term
| Mitochondria and chloroplast |
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Definition
they're both semi-autonomous
they both divide by fission
both contain circular chromosomal DNA, located in nucleoids within the stroma/matrix.
- they contain ribosomes, tRNAs, etc.
- they depend on the import of nuclear encoded proteins for many functions (but can synthesize their own non-encoded protein)
Chloroplasts: function in photosynthesis: light reactions, dark reactions.
Starch synthesis and storage, chlorophyll and fatty acid synthesis.
Mitochondria: Main function is respiration (conversion of energy stored in
sugars to energy stored in ATP). |
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Term
|
Definition
(occurs in nucleus)
DNA duplication is not followed by mitosis.
leads to an increased chromosome copy number and usually large cell size. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| division of the protoplast |
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Term
|
Definition
Interphase (G1 S (chromosomes duplicated) G2)
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
notes:
control points before DNA synthesis and mitosis
preprophase band is part of cytoskeleton |
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Term
|
Definition
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
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Term
|
Definition
chromosomes condense,
chromatids held together by centromere
preprophase band disappears
-band marks plane of cell division
-is composed of microtubules
-is located in cytoplasm
Late prophase:
nuclear envelope disappears,
spindle develops |
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Term
|
Definition
chromosomes align on the equatorial
plane of cell division. The spindle apparatus
(microtubules) is assembled and attached to the
kinetochores (containing motor proteins). |
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Term
|
Definition
chromatids move on the spindle fibers
toward the poles. |
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Term
|
Definition
Nuclear envelope reforms.
Cell plate forms between the separated
nuclei. This starts by the formation of a phragmoplast
that will form the new cell wall. |
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Term
|
Definition
structure that becomes the new cell wall during cytokinesis
a complex of microtubules, actin microfilaments and Golgi-
derived vesicles.
A preprophase band of microtubules forms before prophase that marks the plane of cell division it dissapears in anaphase, in telophase a phragmoplast begins to form and will become the new cell wall. |
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Term
|
Definition
containing only one copy of each
gene |
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Term
|
Definition
the first diploid cell
the product of fertilization
New diploid cells are produced through mitosis and cytokinesis |
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Term
|
Definition
two divisions without an intervening S phase. In metaphase I,
chromosomes are separated, not chromatids as in mitosis. The nuclei in telophase I are haploid.
Four haploid cells result from each cell that goes through meiosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| site in the plant body where new cells form and growth and differentiation is initiated |
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Term
|
Definition
| an irreversible increase in size that comes from cell division and cell enlargement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| he development of a specialized cell, a cell with specialized structure, biochemistry etc. important for its function. |
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Term
| the primary meristems in the SAM (shoot apical meristem) |
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Definition
Protoderm - epidermis
Procambium - primary xylem and phloem
Ground meristem - pith and cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
spherical cells, generally the biochemical factories of plants.
Examples are the cortex and pith of stems and the mesophyll of leaves. Usually only have primary cell walls that remain thin. |
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Term
|
Definition
functions in support in young stems and petioles.
Primary cell wall is unevenly thickened. |
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Term
|
Definition
two types: fibers and sclereids.
They have thickened secondary cell walls.
They are dead at maturity. |
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Term
|
Definition
the outer cell layer, generally contains no chloroplasts, outer wall impregnated with cutin to inhibit evaporation.
Cell types: epidermal cells, guard cells,
subsidiary cells, trichomes |
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Term
|
Definition
pairs of guard cells form stomatal pores in the epidermis and control the aperture (opening) of the pore.
The cells are guard cells the pore is the stomatal pore.
Note: guard cells do not open and close, they open and close the pore. |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of epidermal cell that is in contact with guard cells. Subsidiary cells regulate guard cells. Not all plants have subsidiary cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
Elongated epidermal structure composed of one or more cells.
Functions in secretion, defense, storage, protection from high light.
They function in physical and chemical defense against herbivores such as insects. |
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Term
| two types of vascular tissue and their functions |
|
Definition
xylem - transports water and nutrients
from the roots to the rest of the plant.
phloem - transports sugars and metabolites from sources (usually photosynthetic leaves) to sinks (net importing tissue such as roots, developing leaves, fruit etc).
Transport in the phloem is driven by positive pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
living at maturity, lack many organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, and vacuole.
In flowering plant sieve tubes are associated with companion cells.
They function in the long-distance transport of sugars and other metabolites. These are the main conducting elements of the phloem. |
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Term
|
Definition
Connected to sieve tubes by plasmodesmata.
They supply sieve tubes with proteins, ATP, etc. |
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Term
| Tracheids and vessel elements |
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Definition
dead at maturity.
They contain lateral pits that conduct water and solutes.
Secondary cell walls fortify the structure to withstand strongly negative pressure potentials.
- Vessel elements have end wall perforations and form vessels.
[Xylem sap is continuous with surrounding cell wall space.]
[Gymnosperms only have tracheids.] |
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Term
|
Definition
epidermal cells of the root with projections.
The function is to increase surface area for water and nutrient absorption.
Not every root epidermal cell becomes a root hair cell.
Note: root hairs are cellular extensions,lateral roots are multicellular. |
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Term
| two mechanisms of cell growth |
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Definition
1) tip growth (root hairs, pollen tubes)
2) diffuse growth (almost all other cells). |
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Term
|
Definition
orientation of cellulose microfibrils determines the polarity of cell expansion.
The orientation of cellulose is determined by interaction of cellulose synthase with microtubules. |
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Term
|
Definition
Primary growth - Growth in vascular plants resulting from the
production of primary tissues by a primary meristem.
Primary meristem: Meristematic tissue in vascular plants derived from an
apical meristem, such as the procambium, protoderm, and ground
meristem.
Primary tissues: tissues derived from an apical meristem. |
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Term
|
Definition
arrangement of leaves on the stem
Alternate: one leaf per node
Opposite: two leaves per node
Distichous: one leaf per node, arranged in only
two rows |
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Term
|
Definition
Primary phloem and xylem are always
found together in vascular bundles.
In stems and roots the phloem is oriented
to the outside. |
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Term
| similarities and differences between xylem and phloem |
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Definition
Both are types of vascular tissue, both are found in vascular bundles, and both form tubes that conduct solutes for long distances in plants.
In the xylem the tracheids and vessel elements that form the conducting tubes are dead at maturity.
In the phloem the sieve elements that form the conducting tubes are living at maturity.
Transport in the xylem is driven by negative pressure. Transport in the phloem is driven by positive pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
the positive hydrostatic pressure of a cell.
This pressure is generated by water accumulation driven by a negative solute potential.
The rigid cell wall prevents the cell from bursting.
Importance of turgor pressure: plant structure, cellular movement, cell growth, nutation (tissue movement).
A negative solute potential means that the cell accumulates solutes and that water is attracted and enters the cell by osmosis. |
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Term
| How does turgor pressure affect guard cells? |
|
Definition
Guard cells EXPAND under high turgor pressure (which makes sense; pores open, allowing for transpiration and CO2 entry)
Guard cells shrink under low turgor pressure (which makes sense; pores close because not wanting to loose any water under low water conditions) |
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Term
|
Definition
Bulbs – modified shoots,
underground stems surrounded by
modified fleshy leaves. Examples:
onion, daffodils, garlic. Function:
storage.
Corms – fleshy stems with
modified papery leaves.
Examples: gladiolus. Function:
storage.
Tubers – horizontal underground
fleshy stems. Example: potato, the
“eyes” are axillary buds. Function:
storage.
Rhizomes – horizontal underground stems that survive
harsh winters and allow plants to spread. Examples:
bamboo, irises, canna lillies,
Stolon – horizontal stem, also called a runner. Used to explore for suitable
habitat. Examples: strawberry, some grasses. |
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Term
|
Definition
the conversion of CO2 into organic compounds using the energy of sunlight.
A thermodynamics definition: photosynthesis is the
conversion of light energy into chemical energy
(The first law of thermodynamics: energy can
change form but it cannot be created or destroyed.)
The biochemical definition Photosynthesis: the chemical formula
6CO2+ 6H2O + energy --> C6H12O6+ 6O2 |
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Term
|
Definition
occur on the thylakoid membrane
products: O2, ATP, and NADPH
The function of the light reactions is to generate ATP and NADPH
ADP + Pi -> ATP
NADP+ + H+ + 2e--> NADPH
In chloroplasts, the light reactions drive acidification of the thylakoid lumen via electron transport reactions.
The proton gradient is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP within the stroma.
Light also drives the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH in the stroma.
Other points of interest:
Water is the electron donor.
Oxygen evolved in photosynthesis comes from the oxidation of water.
NADP+is the terminal electron acceptor. |
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Term
|
Definition
occur in the stroma
The function of the carbon reactions (used to be called the dark reactions)is to fix CO2 and regenerate ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate (RuBP).
This requires ATP and NADPH. |
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Term
|
Definition
enzyme that fixes carbon (also called ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; the most abundant
protein) in the stroma |
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Term
|
Definition
the recovery of carbon due to oxygenase activity of
Rubisco
occurs when Rubisco acts as an oxygenase rather than a carboxylase
When rubisco acts as an oxygenase the products are one 3-phosphoglycerate (C3) and one phosphoglycolate (C2). |
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Term
|
Definition
plants that have evolved strategies to avoid photorespiration.
These plants are specialized for growth at high temperatures and under dry conditions.
The purpose is to INCREASE THE CO2 CONCENTRATION in
chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle takes place.
In C4, the primary carboxylation (carbon fixation) is done by PEP carboxylase
The benefit of CAM photosynthesis is that stomata are open at night when water loss through evaporation is less.
However, it is expensive to store carbon as malate during the night, at least 2 ATP per CO2 fixed. |
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Term
|
Definition
membrane proteins that transport water
they determine the rate of water movement in osmosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| different leaf shapes on the same plant. |
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