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| Zacharias and Francis Janssen |
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| The first person(s) known to have produced a microscope was/were: |
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| a search for knowledge of the natural world |
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| internal structure of plants |
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| determines past climates by examining the width and other features of tree rings |
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| oldest branch of plant study, began in antiquity, but Linnaeus did more for the field than anyone |
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| analysis of shared features |
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| how and why plants are distributed where they are |
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| interaction of plants and environment |
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| cell structure and function |
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| practical useso f plants, and plant products |
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| an idea or explanantion that is a bsis for further explanation |
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| provide food, shelter, clothing, occupy important ecological niches that are interrelated to many other organisms, contribute to the natural beauty of the world, recreational pursuits, and ifluence world climate |
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| what is not an attribute to all living organisms? |
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| laws pertaining to energy are called laws of: |
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| defines shape of cell, main structural component is cellulose composed of glucose monomers, cell wall also includes hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins. middle lamella (a layer of pectin) is produced when new cell walls are formed |
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| tiny strans of cytoplasm that are communication between cells |
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| outer boundary of living part of cell, regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell, creates different portions of chemicals inside and outside of cell, composed of phospholipids (2 layers of proteins) |
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| control center of cell, DNA provides info needed to fulfill cell's needs (growth and differentiation), includes nuclear envelopes, nucleoli, chromatin, and chromosomes |
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| facilitates cellular communication and channeling of materials, synthesis of membranes for other organelles and modification of proteins from components occur on surface or within compartments. |
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| composed of RNA and proteins, assembled within the nucleus, may line the outside of ER, may occur unnattached to other oragnelles, enzymes are synthesized here |
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| bound by branching tubes that originate from ER, but not directly connected, involved in the modification of carbohydrates attached to proteins that are synthesized adn packaged in the ER, "post office" of cell |
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| within most plants and contain chloroplasts, within chloroplast are: grana, thylakoids, chlorophyll, liquid portion of chloroplast is stroma, the chloroplast contains RNA and ribosomes which facilitate some protein synthesis, some store proteins |
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| powerhouses of cell, where ATP is produced, energy is released from organic molecules by cellular respiration, energy keeps plants running, include cristae which increase the surface area available to enzymes, fluid matrix also contains: DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins, and dissolved substances |
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| small bodies throughout the cytoplasm that give it a granular appearance, contain specialized enzymes and are bound by a single membrane, examples are: peroxisomes and glyoxisomes |
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| 90% or more of plant cell is taken up by 1 or 2 of these, it is an empty space sac filled with watery fluid called cell sap |
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| water-soluable pigments, crystals, salts, and sugars can be found in: |
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| maintains the internal tugor pressure of cells |
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| mitochondrion and nucleus |
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| what is found in a eukaryotic cell but not prokaryotic? |
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| involved in movement within a cell, an intricate network of fibers which are: microtubles (includes cilia and flagella) and microfilaments |
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| give an example of a meristematic tissue: |
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thin walled cells varying in shape and size, function is support and synthesis
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| tissue composed of cells with unevenly thickened walls, function is support and structure |
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| lignified cells with thick walls, functions in strengthening and support |
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| secondary tissues that function primarily in support and conduction |
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| form a thin cylinder that runs the length of roots and stems of woody plants |
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| apical meristems in the vicinty of nodes |
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| consists of xylem and pholem that function to transport water, ions, adn soluable food through plant, most are produced by apical meristems, in woody plants, tissues are produced by vascular cambium, includes epidermis and periderm |
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| important in "plumbing and storage synthesis, chief conducting tissue, consists of vessel elements and tracheids |
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| conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis throughout plant, consists of sieve tube members and companion members |
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| outermost layer of cells, direct contact with environment, includes velamen roots, cuticle, stomata, guard cells, glands, and trichrome |
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| differ in shape and size due to chloroplasts |
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| secrete protective or other substances or modified as hairs that reduce water loss or repel insects and animals |
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| tissue in which lenticels are formed, begins producing new tissues that increase teh girth of stem or root, includes cork cells that secrete fatty substance, suberin that makes cork cells waterproof |
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| have perforated end walls, and can conduct greater volumes of water |
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| dead at maturity, but allow water to pass from cell to cell |
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| groups of cells that are structurally and/or functionally distint |
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| tuberous roots, specialized |
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| specialized roots, grow near surface of ground, buds develope into suckers |
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| specialized roots that permit plants growing in water to facilitate gas exchange |
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| roots entirely above the ground, such as ivy |
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| pull plant deeper into soil until stable temps are reached |
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| huge roots by trunk, gives good stability |
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| manufactures its own food through photosynthesis |
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| common in roots but not stems: |
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| fungus roots essential to normal growth and development |
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| swellings contain large numbers of nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
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| cells of an endodermis that do not have Casparian strips |
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| directly inside the endodermis toward the center of a root |
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| tissue composed of parenchyma cells lying between epidermis and inner tissues, stores food in a root |
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| single layered cynlinder of compactly arranged cells who are impregnated with suberin |
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| suberin bands on the radial and traverse walls of roots |
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| core of tissues, conduct water or food in a root |
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| consists of topsoi, A horizon, E horizon, B horizon, and C horizon, A horizon is the topsoil |
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| one year's growth of xylem |
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| in a mature, woody dicot stem, the tissue between teh xylem and pholem is: |
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| produced by primary meristem differentiates between xylem and pholem |
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| produces two tissues composed of parenchyma cells, pith is the center of the stem, and cortex they both function in storing food, if chloroplasts are present in manufactoring it |
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| ground tissue or fundamental sissue of monocots |
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| increase in girth of a tree |
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| ground or fundamental tissue |
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| in monoco stems the parenchyma cells are referred to as: |
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| protoderm, procambium, ground meristem, pith, cortex, leaf gaps, bud gaps, vascular cambium, cork cambium, cork cells, suberin, phelloderm, and lenticels make up a: |
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| second cambium arises within cortex from epidermis or phloem, produces cork cells, becomes impregnated with suberin, may also produce phelloderm cells inside, and lenti els will develop beneath the stomata |
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