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| any substance that increases the concentration of free protons |
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| a simple unbranched polysaccharide containing only glucose residues. Much of starch |
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| a type of lipid containing two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol |
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| a molecule that has a partial positive charge at one site and a partial negative charge at another site |
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| the intercellular spaces and cell walls of a plant; all the volume of a plant that is not occupied by protoplasm |
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| a protein that is an integral part of the membrane, deeply embedded in it; it cannot be washed out of the membrane easily |
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| the protoplasm of all the cells in a plant are interconnected by plasmodesmata |
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| the photosynthetic membranes of the chloroplast |
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| in mRNA, a set of three nucleotides that specifies an amino acid to be incorporated into a protein |
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| any change in the sequence of DNA |
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| during cell division, the __ is a set of short microtubules oriented parallel to the spindle microtubules; it catches dictyosome vesicles and guides them to the site where the new cell wall is forming |
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| the pairing of homologous chromosomes during zygotene of prophase I of meiosis. Precedes crossing over |
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| the diploid cell formed as the result of the fusion of two gametes |
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| in DNA replication, the point at which the double helix opens and formation of new DNA occurs |
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| a mutation in a cell that is not a gamete and does not give rise to gametes |
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| a situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles of a heterozygote are expressed |
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| The preferential survival, in natural conditions, of those individuals whose alleles cause them to be more adapted than other individuals with different alleles |
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| the conversion of one species or population of a species into a new species |
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| The region at the base of an organ, such as a leaf or fruit, in which the cells die and tear permitting the organ to fall cleanly away from the stem with a minimum of damage |
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| the production of new cells by shoot and root apical meristems and leaf promordia |
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| A column of vascular tissue, typically both xylem and phloem together but in leaves sometimes only consisting of one or the other |
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| a xlem conducting cell that has one or two perforations- a complete large hole in the primary wall that permits water to flow easily from one vessel member to another |
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| The phloem conducting cell in nonangiosperms; ___ are long and tapered with small sieve areas over much of their surfaces |
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| Any part of leaf mesophyll in which the cells are elongate and aligned parallel to each other |
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| Xylem derived from the casular cambium |
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| In secondary xylem and phloem, a radical series of cells produced by ray initials |
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a layer of impermeable lignin and suberin in the walls of endodermal cells, preventing diffusion of material through that portion of the wall |
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A xylem-conducting cell; ___ tend to be long and tapered and they never have perforation- a complete hole in the primary wall as vessel elements do |
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| The chemical potential of water; a measure of the ability of a substance to absorb or release water relative to another substance |
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| In phloem transport, any organ or tissue that receives material transported by the phloem |
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| in xylem, the breaking of a water colum when tension over comes the cohesive nature of water; an embolism forms |
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| A membrane protein that permits water to cross the membrane rapidly |
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| A property of water is that its molecules interact with many other substances, it is ___ |
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