Term
| Bryophytes vs. Vascular Plants |
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Definition
-Bryophytes: dominant gametophyte (n), lg.er than sporophyte, liverwort
-Vascular Plants: xylem & phloem, lignin, branched & independent sporophyte, dominant sporophyte (2n), multiple sporangia produced on one plant, free-living sporophyte |
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Term
| Pivotal Steps in the Evolution of Plants |
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Definition
-vascular tissue: plants can grow tall, & able to support very negative turgor pressure
-lack of reliance on water for sexual reproduction
-evolution of leaves: no true leaves in mosses |
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Term
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Definition
-must have vascular tissue to be considered a leaf
-2 types: Microphylls & Megaphylls |
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Term
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Definition
-sm.er than megaphylls
-have just 1 strand of vascular tissue
-1 vein
-vascularization of enations |
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Term
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Definition
-lg.er than microphylls
-have multiple vascular bundles
-more than 1 vein
-dichotomous branching
-unequal branching
-planation of branching
-webbing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-lycophytes
-herbaceous
-have microphylls
-3 families: Lycopodiaceae, Selaginellaceae, & Isoetaceae |
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Term
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Definition
-family in Lycopodiophyta
-branched sporophyte |
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Term
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Definition
-cones
-areas where sporophylls packed together |
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Term
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Definition
-family in Lycopodiophyta
-heterosporous: 2 types of spores
-2 types: microspores & megaspores |
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Term
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Definition
-Microsporangium
-Microsporophyll
-Microgametophyte: produces sperm |
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Term
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Definition
-Megasporangium
-Megasporophyll
-Megagametophyte: produces eggs |
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Term
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Definition
-family in Lycopodiophyta
-quillworts
-heterosporous
-aquatic
-secondary growth |
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Term
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Definition
-ferns: Eusporangiate & Leptosporangiate
-4 Orders: Order Filicales, Order Salviniales, Order Psilotales, & Order Equisetales |
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Term
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Definition
-homosporous
-Leptosporangiate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -cluster of sporangia on abaxial surface of leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| -protective cap covering sorus |
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Term
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Definition
-heterosporous
-Leptosporangiate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-genus in Order Psilotales
-leafless, but has enations
-dichotomous branching |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-genus in Order Equisetales
-horsetails
-homosporous
-produce sm. strobili
-microphylls fused into sheaths
-silica in cells |
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Term
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Definition
-broad leaves & spores
-sm. & non-woody |
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Term
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Definition
-diploid, haploid, & triploid
-embryo |
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Term
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Definition
-produced on surface of leaves in sporangia
-disperse via wind
-grows into gametophyte (n)
-heterosporous: microspores & megaspores |
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Term
| In Seed Plants (Spermatophytes) |
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Definition
-megaspores retained in megasporangium (not released)
-reduction in megaspore mother cell = cells that produce spores = sm.er # of spores produced
-only 1 megaspore produced per megasporangium
-megagametophyte grows inside spore wall
-formation of integument/strong tissue, surrounding megasporangium
-embryo develops inside the megaspore
-micropyle & ovule |
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Term
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Definition
| -one opening in integument for sperm |
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Term
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Definition
-integuments
-megasporangium
-megaspore
-develops into seeds & disperses |
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Term
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Definition
-paraphyletic group
-"naked" seed b/c seeds produced on surface of sporophylls
-contains cycads, ginkgos, conifers, & gnetales |
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Term
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Definition
-conifers & "softwoods"
-most widespread & economically important phylum of gymnosperms
-all tracheids in vascular tissue, no vessel elements
-genus Pinus
-Pollen Cone/Microsporangiate strobilus
-Ovulate Cone |
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Term
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Definition
-pines (produce seeds)
-in family Pinaceae & Phylum Coniferophyta
-leaves "needle-like"
-leaves usually grouped in clusters
-fascicles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pollen Cone/Microsporangiate strobilus |
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Definition
-microsporophylls
-1-2 cm long
-on lower branches of trees
-each microsporangium contains many microspore mother cells
-undergo meiosis to produce microspores
-develops air bladders & 4 internal cells: pollen |
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Term
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Definition
| -made up of seed-scale complexes |
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Term
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Definition
-most look like palm trees
-Dioecious
-250 million yrs ago in fossil record
-abundant food source for dinosaurs
-in roots: house cyanobacteria & produce toxic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
-2 houses
-"male" and "female" individuals |
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Term
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Definition
-1 family: Ginkgoaceae
-1 genus & 1 species: Ginkgo biloba
-fan-shaped leaves & veins dichotomously branch
-Dioecious
-maintained throughout history as horticultural specimen in Chinese & Japanese temples |
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Term
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Definition
| -3 families: Gnetaceae, Ephedraceae, & Welswitschiaceae |
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Term
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Definition
-in Phylum Gnetophyta
-Genus Gnetum
-produces broad leaves that resemble leaves of flowering plants
-thought to be closely related to flowering plants
-produces vessel elements
-sporophylls may resemble those in flowering plants |
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Term
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Definition
-in Phylum Gnetophyta
-Genus Ephedra
-grows in SW U.S.A.
-produces ephedrine (chemical) |
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Term
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Definition
-in Phylum Gnetophyta
-Genus Welswitschia
-grows in sand dunes in Namibia |
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Term
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Definition
-lg.est phylum of photosynthetic organisms
-angiosperms: flowering plants, "closed seed"
-woody or herbaceous
-fruits produced
-seeds |
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Term
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Definition
-determinate shoot
-growth for limited duration
-appendages
-4 floral whorls: sepals, petals, stamens, & carpels
-perianth
-tepals |
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Term
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Definition
-sporophylls (sporangium-bearing leaves)
-sterile appendages (leaf-like, but not sporangia) |
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Term
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Definition
-outermost whorl
-usually green/leaf-like
-calyx: all sepals together |
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Term
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Definition
-usually brightly colored & lg.er than sepals
-corolla: collectively |
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Term
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Definition
-variety of sizes/shapes
-anther: microspangia & produce pollen
-adroecium: male house & stamens all together |
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Term
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Definition
-in center of flower
-megasporophylls: produce megasporangia
-usually fused together into one or more pistil(s)
-ovary contains ovules: produce eggs
-gynoecium: women house & all carpels together |
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Term
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Definition
-sepals & petals together
-not usually containing sporangia |
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Term
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Definition
| -when sepals & petals indistinguishable |
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Term
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Definition
-perfect flower
-stamens & carpels |
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Term
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Definition
-either only carpels or only stamens, or if one is nonfunctional
-imperfect flower |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -one or more whorls missing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-fusion among members of the same whorl
-ex: all petals fused |
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Term
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Definition
-fusion among members of different whorls
-ex: stamens fused to petals |
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Term
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Definition
-superior ovary: sepals, petals, & stamens attached below ovary
-inferior ovary: sepals, petals, & stamens attached above ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| -one single flower on stem |
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Term
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Definition
-group of flowers together
-head, spike, & catkin |
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Term
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Definition
| -flowers packed together in flat disk |
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Term
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Definition
| -1 shoot w/flowers grouped close together |
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Term
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Definition
-chain of flowers that hang
-slender chain of sm flowers that's produced in some wind-pollinated trees
-sepals and petals sm or absent
-no nectar |
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Term
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Definition
-contains microsporangia
-microsporophytes
-spores develop into pollen (immature male gametophyte)
-sporopollenin & pollen |
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Term
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Definition
| -2n cells that undergo meiosis to produce haploid microspores |
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Term
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Definition
-strong polymer
-outer layer of pollen |
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Term
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Definition
-inside: 2 cells (tube cell & generative cell)
-transported through some vector through space
-to stigmatic surface |
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Term
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Definition
-may be able to sense if pollen is from same species
-pollen produces pollen tube that grows down the style
-1 sperm fertilizes egg in ovule & other sperm combines w/polar nuclei to form 3n structure |
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Term
| Integuments to Egg to Polar Nuclei to Ovule to Ovary |
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Definition
-seed coat
-embryo
-endosperm
-seed
-fruit w/seeds |
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Term
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Definition
-only in Angiosperms
-following reproduction, ovaries turn into fruit & ovules turn into seeds
-primarily used for seed dispersal
-fleshy: may attract animals
-winged fruit: facilitates wind dispersal of seeds |
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Term
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Definition
-known as Pericarp
-endocarp, mesocarp, & exocarp make up the pericarp
-endocarp is inside near the seeds, & exocarp is towards the outside |
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Term
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Definition
-produced from 1 ovary in 1 flower
-5 types: berry, hesperidum, drupe, coir, & pepo |
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Term
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Definition
-simple fruit w/fleshy mesocarp
-ex: tomato, banana, & bell pepper |
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Term
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Definition
-simple fruit w/leathery exocarp
-ex: citrus fruits |
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Term
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Definition
-simple fruit, fleshy, endocarp hard & fused to seed
-ex: olive, avocado, & coconut |
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Term
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Definition
| -simple fruit w/fibrous material that makes up mesocarp of coconuts |
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Term
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Definition
-simple fruit, hard exocarp, & fleshy mesocarp
-ex: loofah & melons |
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Term
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Definition
-fleshy components of fruit do not develop from ovary
-1 type: pome |
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Term
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Definition
-simple, accessory fruit, receptacle swells around ovary
-ex: apple & pear
-apple: fleshy components come from receptacle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-open to release seeds
-classified based on how many places they open to release seeds
-3 types: follicle, legume, & capsules |
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Term
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Definition
-dehiscent
-simple, dry fruit that opens at 1 place
-ex: milkweed & magnolia |
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Term
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Definition
-dehiscent
-opens at 2 points to release seeds
-ex: green beans & peanuts |
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Term
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Definition
-dehiscent
-simple, dry fruits that open at more than 2 places to release seeds
-ex: poppy |
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Term
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Definition
| -4 types: achenes, samara, caryopsis, & nut |
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Term
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Definition
-indehiscent
-dry fruits, seed attached to fruit wall at 1 point
-ex: sunflower seed |
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Term
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Definition
-indehiscent
-winged achene
-ex: maple trees & dandelions |
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Term
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Definition
-indehiscent
-produced by grass, pericarp is very thin & is fused to the seed coat
-ex: grains from grasses |
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Term
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Definition
-indehiscent
-similar to achene, but very strong pericarp |
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Term
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Definition
-produced from a flower w/many pistils in 1 flower
-made-up of many fruitlets or drupelets
-ex: blackberries & strawberries
-strawberries: aggregate & accessory fruit, from receptacle, & has fruitlets |
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Term
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Definition
-many flowers grow close together
-1 ovary is produced in each flower
-fruits from multiple flowers grow close together & appear to fuse together
-ex: pineapple |
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Term
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Definition
-closely related
-both have vessel elements in xylem
-both produce sporophylls that look like anthers
-225 million yrs old |
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Term
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Definition
-oldest known angiosperm genus
-130 million yrs old
-means "old fruit"
-seeds enclosed in carpels or fruits
-fossils of fish close by, so possibly aquatic
-no seeds or petals present |
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Term
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Definition
-Magnolia
-possesses what's thought to be a primitive floral structure
-possesses tepals: no differentiation between sepals & petals
-lg numbers of organs in each whorl
-spiral arrangement of organs |
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Term
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Definition
-"sister" to all flowering plants
-in New Caledonia
-sm flowers |
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Term
| Trends in Floral Evolution |
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Definition
-fewer organs in each floral whorls
-4 whorls reduced to 3, 2, 1
-fusion of organs
-superior to inferior ovary
-radial to bilateral symmetry
-sexual reproduction drives floral evolution
-animal pollinated: may visit flower for reward (pollen & nectar)
-Pollination Syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| -flowers w/traits preferred by specific organisms |
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Term
| Beetle Pollinated Flowers |
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Definition
-broad flowers
-fruity-smelling |
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Term
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Definition
-may resemble rotting meat
-fleshy & red
-generate heat
-smell putrid |
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Term
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Definition
-live on flower nectar & pollen
-flowers usually brightly colored (purples, blues, yellows)
-structures called "honey guides" that direct bee where to go to find the pollen
-ultraviolet pigments |
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Term
| Moth & Butterfly Pollinated Flowers |
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Definition
-may have landing platform
-usually white or pale-colored
-sweet scent
-spur |
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Term
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Definition
-long, hollow tube made of fused petals or sepals
-may have nectar at base |
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Term
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Definition
-usually odorless b/c birds can't smell
-flowers tend to be red |
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Term
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Definition
-copious nectar & pollen
-dull color
-musky scent
-open at night |
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Term
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Definition
-animal (usually bee) doesn't visit flower for food reward
-bee copulates w/flower that resembles another bee of same species |
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Term
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Definition
-catkin
-grasses: wind-pollination |
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Term
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Definition
-sunflower family
-flowers sm & packed together into a head
-ray flowers & disk flowers |
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Term
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Definition
-both in family Asteraceae
-ray: petals fused together into 1 long strap
-disk: petals are fused into a cone around pistil, many fruits from 1 inflorescence (1 seed/fruit) |
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Term
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Definition
-lg.est angiosperm family
-24,000 + species
-massive fusion between & among all whorls
-1,000's of ovules per ovary
-genus: Vanilla (orchid) |
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Term
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Definition
-rose family
-genus Malus (apples: pomes)
-genus Pyrus (pears: pomes)
-genus Rosa (roses)
-genus Prunus (cherries, peaches, apricots: drupes) |
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Term
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Definition
-grass family
-may be most economically important angiosperm family
-growth form: rhizomes or stolons
-leaves: linear w/parallel veins
-flowers: very reduced, zygomorphic, wind-pollinated, sometimes arranged in spikes
-fruit: caryopsis (grain) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-genus & species in Poaceae
-cultivated rice
-domesticated in Asia
-lg. fruits selected for |
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Term
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Definition
-genus in Poaceae
-wheat
-most cultivated plant worldwide
-used for bread production
-protein: gluten |
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Term
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Definition
-pea family
-herbs, shrubs, trees
-leaves: usually compound
-roots: produced nodules
-flowers: usually zygomorphic
-fruit: legume |
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Term
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Definition
| -chambers that maintain an oxygen free envelope in which nitrogen-fixing bacteria can live |
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Term
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Definition
-violet family
-flowers: zygomorphic
-herbs or trees
-2 types of flowers: Chasmogamous & Cleistogamous |
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Term
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Definition
| -open flower that facilitates cross pollination |
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Term
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Definition
-closed flower
-facilitates self-pollination
-promotes inbreeding |
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Term
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Definition
-oak or beech family
-temperate to tropical ecosystems in N Hemisphere
-trees or shrubs
-fruits: nuts (acorns) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-night shade family
-herbs and trees
-flowers: usually actinomorphic |
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Term
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Definition
-genus in Solanaceae
-tobacco |
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Term
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Definition
-genus in Solanaceae
-hot & bell peppers |
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Term
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Definition
-genus & species in Solanaceae
-tomato |
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Term
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Definition
-genus & species in Solanaceae
-potato |
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Term
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Definition
-mint family
-growth form: usually herbaceous, secondary growth may be produced
-stem morphology: usually square in cross section
-leaf arrangement: opposite decussate
-flowers: zygomorphic, corolla fused into tube
-stamens: 2 lengths (2 sm. & 2 lg.)
-volatile oils: oils evaporate into atmosphere, usually smell nice to us, classified as secondary metabolites, & may be used for defense |
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Term
| Trends in Plant Evolution: Bryophytes |
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Definition
-no vascular tissue
-gametophyte is the dominant phase in life cycle
-grown in moist, humid environments
-spores for dispersal |
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Term
| Trends in Plant Evolution: Ferns & Vascular Non-Seed Plants |
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Definition
-Lycopodiophyta & Pteridophyta
-branched sporophyte (dominant stage in life cycle)
-gametophytes live in moist environment
-water required for sexual reproduction |
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Term
| Trends in Plant Evolution: Seed Plants (Gymnosperms) |
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Definition
-seed is unit of dispersal
-seed produced after sexual reproduction
-seed contains embryo |
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Term
| Trends in Plant Evolution: Angiosperms |
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Definition
-flowers & fruits
-help seed dispersal |
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