energy

ability to do work

work:

move something against force

potential energy

stored and could do work

kinetic energy

being used to do work

example for potential energy in botany:

-concentration gradient across a membrane

example of kinetic energy in botany

open trasnport channel--drage something else across membrane; or capture energy in solute flow to create high energy chemical bonds

High concentrations of H+ cross the _____ through the _____ _______

1. membrane

2. proton channel 

after the protons have crossed through the membrane they are entered into an area with a _____ concetration of protons 

low

in the area with the lower concentration through the membrane _____ + _____ to form _____

1. ADP + P

2. ATP

ATP:

example:

-charged form of cells

-rechargable battery

ADP:

-discharged form of cells

what is the first law of thermodynamics: 

-conservation of energy

-energy cannot be created or destroyed

-energy in a closed system is constant

-energy in a closed system=heat added - work done

what is the second law of thermodynamics: 

- law of entropy or disorder

-no energy transfered is perfect

-usable energy is always converted to heat

-differnces in pressure, temperature, and density tend to even out over time

-entropy (disorder) tends to increase with time

endergonic: 

-needs energy input

exergonic reactions: 

-releases energy

endogonic examples:

1. 

2. 

1. ADP + P ---> ATP

2. CO2 + H2O----> glucose

exergonic reactions examples:

1. 

2. 

1. ATP ---> ADP + P

2. glucose ----> CO2 + H2O + ATP

if potential energy is low at the beginning of progress of reaction then what will the amounts of reactants and products look like

there would be few reactants compared to products

if the amount of potential energy is high at the beginning of progress of reactions then what will the amounts of reactants and products look like? 

- the amount of reactants will be extremely high while the products will be lower

the amount of energy required is what?

the difference in the amount of products and reactants

the amount of enery released is what?

the difference in the amount of reactants versus the amount of products

oxidation: 

- substrate loses electron and proton and potential energy; may gain oxygen

reduction: 

- substrate gains electron and proton and potential energy; may lose oxygen

___ + B ---> A + B+

AH + ___ ---> ____ + BH

1. A+ + B ---> A + B+

2. AH + B ---> A + BH

cells use what to transfer energy? 

-temporary chemical bonds

ATP is the cell's?

recharable battery

ATP ---> ADP + P + ______

ATP ---> ADP + P + energy

(energy is used later)

ADP + P + energy ---> _______

ADP + P + energy ---> ATP 

energy needed to recharge ATP

cellular activities use energy from what? 

ATP

photosynthesis and respiration use _____ _____ _____ _____ to transfer energy and electrons

diffusible electron carrier molecules

diffusible electron carrier molecules are like what?

reusable buckets for electrons and energy

 oxidized electron carrier + e- ---> ________

____ ____ ____ + e- ----> high energy form

oxidized electron carrier + e- ----> reduced carrier

low energy form + e- ---> high energy form 

____ fills up the diffusible electron carrier molecules with ____ and ____ and passes it to _____ that dumps diffusible electron carrier

1. reduction

2. electrons and protons

3. oxidation

NAD+ -----> _____ 

this is what? 

NADH ---> _____

this is what? 

NAD+ ---> NADH
reduction

NADH ----> NAD+

oxidation 

NADP ----> ______

this is called what?

NADPH ----> ______

this is called what?

NADP ---> NADPH
reduction

NADPH ----> NADP

oxidation 

FAD ----> ______

this is called what?

FADH ----> _____

this is called what? 

FAD ----> FADH

reduction

FADH ----> FAD
oxidation 

photosynthesis uses ____ energy to make energy-rich molecules from ___ and ___, which produce ___ as byproduct

1. light energy

2. CO2 and H2O

3. O2

producers: 

photosynthetic organisms

consumers: 

organisms that ingest or absorb energy-rich organic compounds for nutrients and energy

how many components does photosynthesis have and where do they occur in? 

3; chloroplasts of mesophyll cells

3 general parts to photosynthesis: 

1. light energy capture by photosynthetic pigments

2. fixation of carbon dioxide by rubisco

3. assembly of sugar using captured energy and fixed carbon by Calvin Benson cycle 

first part of photosynthesis: capture of light energy

what:

where:

what: absorb light energy, converting some to high energy electrons and using some to make ATP from ADP + P

Where: chlorophyl and the antenna complexes absorb protons
thylakoid does the rest 

three basic properties of light: 

1. wave-like--travels as a wave with a certain wavelenght

2. particle-like--travels as discrete packets of energy called photons whose energy depends on wavelength

3. longer wavelength = lower energy

antenna complex:

a cluster of pigments

photons: 

discrete packets of energy

photons energy is dependent on?

-wavelength

3 ways a photon can react when hitting an object:

1. transmitted

2. reflected

3. absorb

transmitted: 

-photons can travel through an object

reflected

-photons get reflected off an object

absorbed:

-photons get absorbed by the object

CO2 + _____ + light -----> _____ + O2

CO2 + H2O + light ----> carbohydrate + O2

first stage of photosynthesis. high energy electrons that were excited by _____ go through the ____ _____ ____ and empty into the ____ ____ ____ ____

1. light

2.  electron transport chain (ETC)

3. diffusible electron carrier molecules

chlorophyll splits ____ to replace lost electonrs.

_____= H-O-H ----> 2__ + 2__ + O 

1. H2O

2. H2O ---> 2H + 2e- + O

the electrons that are used to pump H+ into the thylakoid space are from where?

the chlorophyll breaking up the H2O

electrons excited by light in the electron transport chain are used to pump ____ in the _____ space

1. H+

2. thylakoid 

as the electrons are moving through the electron transport chain another burst of photon excited another electron to make what happen?

the newly excited electron changes NADP + H+ ----> NADPH 

this is reduction

the protons that are used are generated from where?

chlorophyll breaking down H2O

what are the two paths the 2H+ can go down? 

1. the H can be used to make NADPH, this happens in the thylakoid space

2. flow through ATP syntahse and turn ADP + P into ATP

what happens in ATP Synthase?

a hydrogen reduces NADP+ into NADPH

what is the second stage of photosynthesis?

- carbon fixation

second stage of photosynthesis: carbon fixation

what? 

where? 

what: CO2 diffuses through stomates into leaf air space, into water on surface of mesophyll, through cell into stroma of chloroplasts 
-an enzyme rubsico adds CO2 to a 5-carbon molecule (RuBP) to form a 6-carbon molecule that instantly splits into two identicaly 3-carbon molecules (PGA)

-where: stroma of chloroplasts  

which is the reduced form? 

NADH <---> NAD 

NADH

which is the reduced form? 

glucose <---> two 3-C G3P molecules 

glucose 

what is the reduced form? 

ADP + P <---> ATP

ATP

kinetic energy is _____, and one biological example of it is _______

energy of movement; protons flowing through ATP synthase

according to the second law of thermodynamics 

general reproductive cycle of a plant

zygote(diploid)---->sporophyte(diploid)---meisosis in sporangium--->spore(haploid)--->gametophyte(haploid)--->egg(haploid)(in archegonium) and sperm(haploid)(in antheridium)---both--->zygote(diploid)

heterosporous plant: 

has male and female gametophytes

for a heterosporous plant the male gametophyte comes from what? 

-microspores that came from microsporangia

a heterosporous plant's female gametophyte arises from what? 

-megaspores that come from macrosporangia 

general reproductive cycle for a heterosporous plant?

-zygote(diploid)-->sporophyte(diploid)-->megasporangium(female diploid) and microsporangium(male diploid)--->megaspore(female haploid) and microspore(male haploid)---->megagametophyte(female haploid) and microgametophyte(male haploid)--->sperm and egg(both haploid)---->zygote(diploid)

how does a seed come about?

a seed results from a hetersporous life cycle in which spores do not disperse