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Definition
| from late Devonian period, more than 350 million years ago |
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Definition
provide significant land adaptation because:
protective seed coat, supply of food for embryo, capable of dormancy in unfavorable environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
1st seed plants
fernlike in appearance
reclassified as gymnosperms |
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Term
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Definition
exposed nature of the seeds
seeds produced on surface of sporophylls instead of enclosed within fruit
seed bearing and pollen bearing sporophylls often arranged in cones |
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Definition
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Term
| female gametophyte in gymnosperms |
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Definition
produced inside an ovule that contains nucellus, which is enclosed in integument
even more reduced in cell number than are ferns and their relatives
doesn't grow independently but develops within sporophyte structures |
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Term
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Definition
| becomes seed coat after fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| pines, firs, spruces, cedars |
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Term
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Definition
has single living representative (Ginkgo)
"maidenhair trees"
tree w/ fan-shaped leaves
seed enclosed in fleshy covering w/ nauseating odor
leaves on short, slow-growing spurs
deciduous, dichotomous venation |
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Term
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Definition
leaves superficially palmlike
slow-growing plants of tropics/subtropics
tall unbranched trunks
crown of large pinnately divided leaves |
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Term
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Definition
3 genera
wood w/ vessels
unique because of vessels in xylem |
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Definition
| dominant trees in coniferous forests of Northern Hemisphere |
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Term
| world's oldest known living organisms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
needlelike leaves arranged in clusters (fascicles) of 2 to 5 leaves
modifications for harsh conditions:
hypodermis, thick cuticle, sunken stomata, resin canals, mycorrhizal fungi
wood consists entirely of tracheids |
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Term
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Definition
| short shoots that have restricted growth |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 to 2 layers of thick walled cells under epidermis in pines |
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Term
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Definition
antiseptic and aromatic
prevent development of fungi
deter insects |
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Term
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Definition
conifer wood
thick walled cells absent |
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Term
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Definition
broadleaf tree/dicot wood
thick walled vessels and fibers present |
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Term
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Definition
microsporangia grow in pairs at base of seed cone scales of pollen cones
meiosis produces microspores that develop into pollen grains
megaspores grow in megasporangia that are in pairs of ovules at bases of scales
seed cone takes 2 years to mature |
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Term
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Definition
| pollen cones; consist of papery or membranous scales |
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Term
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Definition
develop from microspores
consist of 4 cells and a pair of air sacs (which add buoyancy in the wind) |
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Term
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Definition
larger than pollen cones
have woody scales with conspicuous bracts between them |
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Term
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Definition
ovule contains megasporangium that contains nucellus and a megasporocyte
megasporangium surrounded by integument that has a pore called a micropyle
megasporocyte undergoes meiosis producing 4 megaspores; 3 degenerate and 1 develops into a female gametophyte w/ archegonia at micropyle |
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Term
| 1st year of pine maturing |
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Definition
pollen grains catch on pollen grains oozing from micropyle
pollen grain produces pollen tube that grows through nucellus
pollen tube produces 2 sperm
mature male gametophyte is the grain, tube, and 2 sperm
sperm have no flagella; no antheridium is formed
megaspore develops |
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Term
| 2nd year of pine maturing |
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Definition
female gametophyte and archegonium mature
pollen tube arrives at archegonium
1 sperm unites with an egg forming a zygote; other sperm degenerates
embryo nourished by female gametophyte
integument becomes seed coat |
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Term
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Definition
similar to pines
dioecious |
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Term
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Definition
similar to conifers
pollination sometimes by beetles
dioecious
has pollen & seed strobili |
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Term
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Definition
| gnetophytes; shrubby plants in drier regions of southwestern North America |
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Term
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Definition
edible bark, needles, and seeds
masts in sailboats
crates, boxes, matchsticks, furniture
telephone poles, railroad ties, mine timbers
turpentine and rosin
fuel, pulpwood, lumber
ornamentals and pharmaceuticals |
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Term
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Definition
seeds for food
increase blood circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| ephedrine for respiratory problems |
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