Term
|
Definition
| The conversion of light energy into chemical energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The process in which the chemical bonds of energy-rich molecules such as glucose, are converted into energy usable for life processes.
C6H12O6 + O2 --enzymes--> CO2 + H20 + ATP + Heat
Respiration starts in the cytosol. Sugar is kicked out from chloroplast into cytosol. Consumed for respiration. The process ends in the mitochondria. |
|
|
Term
| The summary equation of Cellular Repiration |
|
Definition
| essentially the reverse of photosynthesis yet it precedes by different mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Glycolysis
2) The Kreb's Cycle
3) Electron Transport chain |
|
|
Term
CU: Major inputs
Major outputs |
|
Definition
Sugars and Oxygen
Carbon dioxide, ATP, Water & Heat
(38 molecules are possible to be produced upon complete cellular respiration of one molecule of glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs in the cytosol of the cell
made up of 10 different steps or reactions |
|
|
Term
Major inputs:
Major outputs: |
|
Definition
Glucose
2 pyrubate molecules, 2 ATP (net), & 2 NADH
The ATP can be used for work in the cell, NADHD is an input in the electron transport chain, pyruvate fuels the Krebs Cycle |
|
|
Term
| Other ATP (ATP produced but not used by Cellular respiration) |
|
Definition
| Carbon skeletons formed at different steps can be drained from the pathway & used to make other, more complex, molecules |
|
|
Term
| Photosynthesis & Respiration |
|
Definition
2 primary energy and carbon transformation systems in plants
Photosynthesis converts light into chemical energy
Cellular respiration releases that energy
Together they form a system by which energy flows through an ecosystem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flows through an ecosystem
The energy stored temporarily by organisms is eventually released as heat |
|
|
Term
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
|
Definition
Molecule that transports chemical energy (like cellular currency)
Is continuously recycled between ATP & ADP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is the "spent battery" form of the molecule (the 3rd phosphate is lost, releasing the energy stored in the bond)
Donated electrons provide the energy for converting ADP to ATP (Occurs in photosynthesis and cellular respiration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The major starting point and input of cellular respiration
Free (unbound) glucose is usually not abundant in plant cells and therefore more complex molecules (i.e starch, sucrose, etc) must first be converted to glucose |
|
|
Term
| 2 main functions of Cellular Respiration |
|
Definition
1) ATP production:
converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP for work in the cell
ATP is the major source of usable chemical energy in the metabolism
2) Supplies carbon skeletons for the subsequent biosynthesis (powered by ATP) of complex molecules:
Intermediate molecules of respiration serve as building blocks for amino acids, fatty acids, nucleic acids, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs when no oxygen is present
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration
(occurs in plants and animals when oxygen levels are insufficient for aerobic respiration)
Includes glycolysis and a step after pyruvate that forms either lactate or ethanol
Produces small amounts of ATP |
|
|
Term
| Complex molecules: Proteins |
|
Definition
Make up a large percentage of the biomass of many plant tissues
Polymers consisting of one or more long chains of amino acids (There are 20 different amino acids that are known to occur in proteins) (Each protein contains a unique, prescribed order of amino acids)
Amino acids contain nitrogen (Plants get nitrogen from the soil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each R group (Side chain) is different for each amino acid |
|
|
Term
| Primary structure of Protein |
|
Definition
| The sequence of amino acids in a protein, govered by a plants genes |
|
|
Term
| Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary |
|
Definition
| Proteins fold and twist into unique three dimensional structures that determine thier functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Enzymes (catalyze biochemical reactions)
2) Structural proteins (occur in cell walls and cellular membranes)
3) Storage proteins (Accumulate in seeds and are broken down during seed germination and used as a source of nitrogen for early development)(Seed proteins serve as a major source of amino acids consumed by animals that eat plants) |
|
|
Term
| Complex Molecules: Lipids (fat) |
|
Definition
Water-repellent compounds made mostly of carbon and hydrogen
The major lipids of all plants are triglycerides, phospholipids, and waxes, which all contain fatty acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A type of lipid that is composed of glycerol with three chains of fatty acids linked to it
Most abundant in seeds
Store both chemical energy and carbon that are used when the seed germinates
More Carbon and energy can be stored in lipids that in starch
Some seeds are commercially valuable for their oil (i.e cotton, sesame, sunflower) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A phospholipid consists of Glycerol that is bonded to two Fatty Acids, which are hydrophobic, and to one Phosphate group, which is hydrophilic.
Impo components of cellular membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid Mosaic Model:
Membranes consist primarily of phospholipids and proteins
Fatty, fluid film with proteins
Proteins are involved in cell signaling and other functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Complex mixtures of fatty acids and other lipid molecules
Often comprise the outermost later of leaves, fruits, and herbaceous stems
Prevent water loss from plants
A number of plant waxes are economically impo |
|
|
Term
Molecular Movement
Solute
Solvent |
|
Definition
All molecules display random thermal motion
This, solute molecules tend to move around in a solution ( a solute is a molecule dissolved in solution)
Solvent the thing you dissolve the molecule in |
|
|
Term
| Due to random momvement of dissolved molecules |
|
Definition
| Solutes diffuse outwards from regions of high concentration to regions of lower concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The net movement of molecules, either dissolved or suspended, from an area of greater concetration to an area of a lesser concentration
Tends to cause the distribution of particles to become homogenous throughout a medium
Diffusion accounts for much of the movement of molecules in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is derived from the random motion of particles that is caused by molecular and atomic motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Passive absorption of a fluid by a soild body without resultant chemical change in either
Results in swelling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
So if a membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to a solute, water diffuses by osmosis into the side having the higher solute concentration and the lower water concentration
One of the sides increases in volume due to osmotic pressure (forcing it upwards) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most plants are surrounded by an environment with a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water. This difference in solute concentration results in water entering plants (& plants cells)
Cells absorb as much water as they can which results in turgor pressure which is key in terms of cell expansion, keeping non-woody plants upright, and supporting fleshy stalks and leaves
Cells lose turgor pressure when they are placed in dry environments or high-salt solutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The potential energy of water (like solutes) to flow to areas where it is less concentrated
Can be used to predict the flow of water through a plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Shrinkage of the cytoplasm away from the cell wall due to the loss of water by osmosis
Occurs when plants are placed in dry or high-salt env.
Causes cells to loose turgor pressure and causes plant to wilt |
|
|
Term
| Membranes and Transport Proteins |
|
Definition
Regulate water in cells
Key to turgor pressure is the import and export of molecules other than water to and from cells (Although water moves more freely across biological membranes in response to concentration differences, membranes in response to concentration differences, control of osmosis occurs by regulating the concentrations of solutes inside cells
Selectively permeable membranes use transport proteins to regulate the flux of molecules to and from cells |
|
|
Term
| Active transport or passive transport |
|
Definition
How proteins work:
Active transport: requires the direct input of energy (ATP)
Passive: uses concentration gradients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Growth in the length of the plant
Results from mitotic activity in the apical meristems
Mitosis occurs in the Shoot Apical Meristem, and Root Apical Meristem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Growth in girth (Diameter) of the plant
Wood is a product of secondary growth
Tissue responsible for secondary growth: Vascular Cambium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Corn, Wheat, Grass
Oak, Elm, Williw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Do not have secondary growth |
|
|
Term
Monocots vs Dicots
Cotyledons |
|
Definition
Monocots have vascular bundles everywhere unlike dicots which are at the edges. - stems
Distinguished by their seed characteristics
Monocots produce seeds with only one cotyledon (seed leaf), Dicots use two cotyledons
Cotyledons: modified leaves involved in storing or supplying energy and nutrients for the embryo in a seed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Meristematic cells that are going through mitosis
Produces new vascular tissue: xylem & phloem
Responsible for secondary growth |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Growth and Vascular Cambium |
|
Definition
As an herbaceous dicot grows, the vascular cambium connects and forms a ring of vascular cambium
The ring is of xylem cells to its inside and phloem to its outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Forms a new ring each year
Each rin is called a growth ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gets crushed with secondary growth
Therefore, it does not produce visible growth rings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secondary xylem cells
by vascular cambium
The environment affects the production of different kinds of week |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Formed during the moist days of spring (Early in the growing season)
Consists of larger cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Formed during the drier days of summer (later in the growing season) which gradually slow the activity of the vascular cambium
Consists of smaller cellls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During the winter the vascular cambium goes dormant and no wood is produced |
|
|
Term
| Difference in spring & summer wood |
|
Definition
are abrupt in most trees and are visible as growth rings
In temperate regions, the predictable seasons usually produce one growth ring per year and thus they are called annual rings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by stresses during the growing season which are significant enough to induce changes in the size and shape of the rings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Availability of water) strongly influences the formation and thickness of growth rings
Due to this, a cross section of wood is a diary of the climatic history of a region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The science of interpreting history by studying the growth rings
Anthropology, meteorology, fire histories (fires leave scars on trees), arts and instruments, history (shipwrecks), artifacts, earthquakes (root damage can sometimes result in missing rings), climatology (the ring chronologies can reconstruct climate patterns for thousands of years) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The region of the xylem that actively conducts water and minerals (sap)
Usually light, pale, and relatively weak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Older, non-functioning region of the xylem
Not involved in the conduction of water and minerals (Sap)
Usually becomes impregnated with tannins, resins, gums, etc. giving rise to a dense, strong, and dark-coloured wood |
|
|
Term
| advantages of having wood in your stems |
|
Definition
Makes the plant sturdier and able to grow taller
The increased hight decreases the chances that the plant's leaves will be shaded by other plants |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantages of having wood in your stems |
|
Definition
More tissue to metabolically support
Generally delays reproduction because the plant is focused on growth (and not reproduction) in the early part of its life cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
As dicot stems get older, the epidermis is replaced by bark
The bark is produced by the cork cambium
The bark is a tree's external, protective barrier |
|
|
Term
| Cross section of a tree from outside to inside |
|
Definition
| bark--> cork cambium--> Phloem--> vascular cambium--> xylem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cork cambium develops within the outer cortex
Bark cells are produced by cork cambium
Outer cells slough off as stem expands
New cork cambium develops within secondary phloem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevents oxygen gas from readily diffusing into the tree
living cells- cork cambium, phloem, and vascular cambium are alive at maturity
These living cells need oxygen
Dead cells- all xylem and bark cells are dead at maturity, they dont need oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Raised, localized areas of loosely packed cells in the outer bark
Gas exchange occurs across the bark through lenticels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The study of plants (As well as algae and fungi) of economic importance to humans
Includes:
The history of the impact of plants on humans and the impact of humans on plants (eg. the origins of agriculture, origins of civilization, discovery of the Americas [looking for new spices])
It is multidisciplinary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Botany, economics, taxonomy, anthropology, archaeology, history, pharmacognosy, geography, ecology.. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Support
Storage: starch & water
Conduction: transport water and minerals between roots and leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tough, overlapping, waterproof leaves
Cover and protect buds from low temperatures, desiccation, and pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Study the Morphology id external stem |
|
Definition
Figure on powerpoint:
Terminal Bud, Node, Internode, Axillary bud, Leaf Scar, Bud Scale Scars, Vascular Bundle Scars, Lenticels, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Apical Meristem
Leaf
Vascular Tissue
Axillary Bud |
|
|
Term
Opposite Leaves
Alternate Leaves
Whorled Leaves |
|
Definition
OL: pair of leaves from each node
AL: a single leaf from each node
WL: 3 or more leaves from each node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One way plats have evolved to be competitive in various environments
Can be above or below the ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| curly threadlike shaped stems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
photosynthesis mainly through stems rather than leaves,
certain desert plants (water storage)
Usually no leaves, but thorns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stems that grow at the soil surface or just below the ground forming adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants at the buds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified plant structure that are enlarged and store nutrients like sweet potatoes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified stem usually found underground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short stem with fleshy leaves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Corm
In springs the food passes into the leaves, a corm stores food in the swollen stem. Buds develops each year from the base of the flower shoot.
After flowering, the new corm swells as food is passed into it from the withering leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epidermal
Vascular
Ground
Meristematic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vascular bundles are scattered in monocots,
arranged in a ring in Dicots |
|
|
Term
| Epidermis: major functions |
|
Definition
| retention of water and protection against herbivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mostly parenchyma cells
Major functions: Sometimes photosynthetic and often stores starch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mostly parenchyma cells
Major function: stores starch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dicot Stem- Vascular Bundle
Xylem: Conduction of water and minerals upward, thick cell walls
Phloem: Transports dissolved organic solutes (especially sugars) throughout the plant
Meristematic cells that are going through mitosis
Produce new vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
Responsible for secondary growth (lateral growth) |
|
|
Term
| Fibers in the Dicot stem Vascular Bundle |
|
Definition
Found next to each vascular bundle
Surrounded by thick cell walls made of cellulose
Strong, rigid structures that help support the plant
Concentrated around the outside and function like steel girders of a building keeping the stem upright and stabilizing it in high winds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epidermis
Cortex: Mostly parenchyma cells
Major function: stores starch |
|
|
Term
| Vascular Bundle in Monocot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increase length of the plant (resulting from mitotic activity in the apical meristems)
Mitosis occurs in: Shoot Apical Meristem & Root Apical Meristem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anchorage
Absorption (Absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil)
Conduction: Transport water and dissolved nutrients to and from the shoot)
Storage (They can store large amounts of energy reserves, ie. carrots, sugar beets) |
|
|
Term
Radicle (First root)
Function |
|
Definition
First structure to emerge from the germinating seed
Supplies water & nutrients to the shoot before the shoot breaks through the surface of the soil
As the plant grows, the roots will avoid dry soil |
|
|
Term
| 2 main underground root systems |
|
Definition
Taproot systems
Fibrous root systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Have one large primary root (taproot) and many smaller and secondary roots that grow from it
Secondary roots are also known as branch or lateral roots
Very common in dicots
Many taproots have evolved to preform a storage function or are evolved to absorb water deep underground
Storage taproots i.e. carrots, sugar beets
Deep Water Absorption- i.e. mesquite (can penetrate more than 50 meters down) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Consists of an extensive mass or network of similarly sized roots
Very common in monocots
i.e. grasses
Extensive mass of similarly sized roots |
|
|
Term
Adventitious roots
Main Functions |
|
Definition
Roots that arise from leaves or stems (i.e., not from other roots)
Help to support upright stems (these types of adventitious roots are called prop roots)
Involved in vegetative or asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protects the growing parts of a root as the root grows through the soil
Can secrete large amounts of mucigel which contains sugars, enzymes, and amino acids. |
|
|
Term
Mucigel
Major Functions (4) |
|
Definition
Protection
Lubrication
Water Absorption
Nutrient Absorption |
|
|
Term
| Subapical region of the root |
|
Definition
The part of the root just behind the root cap
Divided into three zones:
Zone of cell division, zone of cell elongation, and zone of cell maturation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists mainly of the root apical meristem where new cells are produced via mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Area where the newly formed cells elongate by as 150- fold
Cell elongation in this zone shoves the root cap through the soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Area where the immature, elongated cells begin to take on specific functions
Root hairs also develop on the outside of this part of the root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extensions of epidermal cells which greatly increase the absorption surface area of the root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outer layer of cells covering the root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Parenchyma cells
Constitutes the majority of cells in the root and often most of the starch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The central vascular cylinder of roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Xylem: conduction of water and minerals upwards
Thick cell walls
Phloem: transports dissolved organic solutes through the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for secondary growth (lateral growth) in the roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A thin layer of meristematic cells
Impo because it produces secondary roots
As secondary roots form they force their way through the cortex and epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cells that are tightly packed together and lack intercellular spaces
Four of the six sides of each endodermis cell are impregnated with a Casparian Strip made of wax
The endodermis regulates the movement of minerals into and out of the vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
| Monocot Root Croos Section |
|
Definition
Epidermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Pericycle
Pith
Xylem
Phloem
Root Hairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Forces water and dissolved minerals to pass through the cell membrane of endodermis cells to reach the vascular tissue
The wax of the strip redirects the inward movement of water and minerals as they flow through the endodermis
As a results, water and dissolved minerals must pass through the cell membranes of the endodermis cells to reach the vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathway A: Along cell walls and intercellular spaces around protoplast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathway B: Though cellular membranes and living cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Results in endodermis regulating the movement of water and minerals into and out of the vascular tissue
(strips) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Positive pressure of roots that forces water up the stem
Caused by active movement of minerals into root cells (Via active transport) that draws water into the xylem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The exudation of liquid water from leaves caused by root pressure
Root pressure forces water out of leaves through specialized openings at leaf margins called Hydathodes |
|
|
