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Bot chapter 12
plants
40
Other
2nd Grade
04/17/2016

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Term
Describe the physiological effects of the caffeine in a cup of coffee on heart, stomach, and bladder
Definition
stimulates it
increase acidity
increases urine output
Term
List 6 effects of excessive caffeine
Definition
• Anxiety
• Headaches
• Dizziness
• Insomnia
• Heart palpitations
• Mild delirium
Term
Coffee is made primarily from
Definition
seed endosperm
Term
tea is made primarily from
Definition
young leaves
Term
cacao is made primarily from
Definition
cotyledon tissue within the seed
Term
Coffee supplies
Definition
75% of US caffine consumption
Term
Chocolate
Definition
o Theobroma cacao
o Commonly known as Cacao
Term
Chocolate- Region of origin, current geographic distribution and habitaite
Definition
o Central America
o Natural distribution extends from Amazon region of south america to southern mexico
Term
Chocolate - Description of the plant
Definition
o Naturaully grow as understory trees
flushes twice a year
o Pods contain 20-60 seeds
o Redish color
Term
Chocolate - Structures, features and constituents of importance and their uses
Definition
♣ Extracted theobromine is converted to caffeine
o The embryos left after roasting and separation from seed coats are called nibs
♣ Used for chocolate liquor
o Theobromine in chocolate is an effective cough suppressant
Term
Chocolate - • Cultivation, harvesting, and processing
Definition
o Africa is worls largest producer
o Planted in shaded orchards
o Pollination by midges that livein orchard debris
pods picked and cracked
fermentation
dried
sorted/graded
roasted
fanned
Term
Chocolate - History
Definition
o Maya and Aztecs thought it had a divine origin hence why theoborma means food of the gods and they used it in religious ceremonies
o Wasn’t until Hernan Cortes cisited the royal Aztec court that its importance in the new world was appreciated
Term
Chocolate - • Current issues
Definition
o Fat content and health worries
Term
In 1996 scientist dound that chocolate contains 3 compounds that bind to the same brain receptors as weed
Definition
♣ Phenylethylamine
♣ Anadamine
♣ Trypotophan
Term
Chocolate seeds have
Definition
two cotyledons
Term
Dutching
Definition
procuess to darken choca which makes it flavor mild and increases its solubility
Term
Wine
Definition
fermented juice
Term
Vintage
Definition
year the grapes were picked
Term
Wine- History
Definition
o May be oldest beverage fermented
o Egypitains used wine primarily for religious ceremonies
o Greek empire used for popular beverages
Term
Wine- production
Definition
Yeaats responciobel for the fermentation
o Sulfur dioxide is introduced into closed containers to kill bacteria
♣ Enzymes- break down pectin molecules
♣ Bentonite that promotes clumping and settling of suspended particulate matter
o placed in aging tanks
♣ Steel or wood barrels
Term
Labelling
Definition
♣ Kind of grapes used
♣ Location of vineyard
♣ Slope of the area on which vines were growing
♣ The place wine was bottled
♣ Level of sweetness
♣ Year grapes were picked
Term
White wine
Definition
o Expressed juice is filtered to remove the skins before being placed in fermentation tanks
o Can be made from red grapes if skins are removed immeditaly after pressing
o Aged 1 year to 18 months and for as logn as 5 years but after that will spoil
Term
Red wine
Definition
o The skins go into the fermentation vat ith juice
o The color of red or rose wine is due to piglemts int eh skins that elach into the juice
o Cannot be made naturally from white grapes
o Aged up to 30-40 years
Term
Sparkling wine
Definition
o Carbonated
o Ususally made by adding surgar and selected ueyats to a blend of still wine before bottling
Term
Still wine
Definition
o Contain no gas CO2
o Simple fermentation
o Fermentation tanks are open or have outlets for gas to escape
Term
Fortified wine
Definition
o Concentrated ethanol or a highly distilled beverage
o Cognac is added
o Fortifying wines began in Europe in the 17th centruy
Term
o Removal of sediment is faiclited by storming champagne bottles ar an angle during the last bit og fermentation
Definition
♣ Neck is plunged into liquid nitrogen that freezes liquid in neck
♣ After cork is removed and pressure form inside the bottle forces the forze cylinder of champage contiang the debirs out and then the cylinder is cut off
♣ Remaing protion goes back in and its quickly recorked
Term
Resveratro
Definition
has been singled out as the compound for reducing incidence of heart disease
in red wine
Term
How many coffee houses did England have by 1675?
Definition
over 3000
Term
Coffee- Region of origin, current geographic distribution and habitat
Definition
Native to africa
Cannot handle freezing
Term
Coffee- Description of the plant
Definition
Grow on small trees
Glossy leaves
White flowers
9 months to mature - called cherries
Brry is tough outer layer, - has floral cup and exocarp
Fleshy mesocarp
Thin endocarp
Two seeds in endocarp
Term
Coffee- Cultivation, harvesting and processing
Definition
Arabica, canephora and liberica (in order of popularity)
Arabica self pollinating and self compatible
Robusta (canephora) for blended coffees or decaffinated or insta
Last one not really used out of africa
Mostly grown in orchards
Produces first crop at 3 years old
Grown at hillside the best
Seeds seperated from fruit
Either by wet or dry process
Dry- fresh fruit dry from sun, pricarp taken away
Wet - produces better flavour, depulps freshfruit by machine and seeds washed than seeds ferment for 12-24 hours
Seeds spread to dry for one week
Remaining endocarp removed mechanically
Roasting in cylinders - tumble and dry at same time for 10-15 minutes
Lose weight during roasting
Beans quickly cooled (prevents loss of aromatic oils
Term
Annual number of deaths involving alcohol consumption?
Definition
22k
Term
What species of yeasts are used most frequently to produce alcohol?
Definition
S.cerevisiae and S. bayanus and S.pastorianus
Term
List four reasons that Saccharomyces species are usually used
Definition
Efficient at alchohol production
Tolerate higher leaves of ethanol
Produce compounds that add flavour
Yeast lacks chlorophyll and cannot make their own food
Term
What occurs, chemically, during the process of fermentation?
Definition
Converts simple sugars to alcohol
Sugars are metabolized and broken down by yeast
Leaves ethanol and carbon dioide as waste
Also makes long chain alcohols, acetaldehyde, acetic acid
Term
Why does fermentation produce a maximum concentration of alcohol of 18 or 19 percent?
Definition
Usually toxic and lead to death to yeast
Tolerance creates upper value of alcohol produced
Term
What has highest caloric value
Definition
Manoic
Term
Which is most concentrated?
Definition
absolutes
Term
which is purest of the natural adroitness?
Definition
concretes
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