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| all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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| a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
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| an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
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| the tendency to be more confident than correct - to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
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| the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
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| a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
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| a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
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| the idea that a phsyiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
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| a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level |
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| a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
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| the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act restore the lost weight. |
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| the body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
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| a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal (2) expressive behaviors and (3) conscious experience |
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| theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli |
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| theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion |
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| Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon |
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| people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood |
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| self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life. |
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| the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself |
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| a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine |
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| General Adaptation Syndrome |
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| Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
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| under stress, people (usually women) often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others |
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| Psychophysiological Illness |
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| literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches |
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| two types of white blood cells... etc. |
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| alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods |
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| attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor |
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| attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction |
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| view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences |
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| in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, mo matter how trivial or embarrassing |
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| according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires towards hi mother and feelings of jealous and hatred for rival father |
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| the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos |
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| according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were left unresolved |
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| the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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| the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
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| Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history |
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| personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides an ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |
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| most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
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| theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death |
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| view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth |
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| motivation to fulfill one's potential |
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| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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| according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
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| all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question: Who am I? |
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| questionnaire with true-false on which people response to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; use to assess selected personality traits |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory |
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| most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests |
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| test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
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| in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions |
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| overestimating other's noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders |
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| Peripheral Route Persuasion |
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| occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness |
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| occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts |
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| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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| theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. |
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| stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others |
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| tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
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| enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
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| the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
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| world is just and people get what they deserve |
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| tendency to favor our own group |
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| theory that prejudice offers an outlet or anger by providing someone to blame |
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| tendency to recall face's of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races |
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| Frustration-Aggression Principle |
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| principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression |
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| phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them |
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| an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, (towards beginning of a relationship) |
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| deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
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| condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
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| revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
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| unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
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| theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
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| an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
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| Social-Responsibility Norm |
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| an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them |
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| situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursing their self-interest, become caught in a mutually destructive behavior |
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| mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggresive |
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| shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperation |
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| giving priority to one's own goals over group goals |
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| giving priority to the goals of one's group |
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