Term
What does the skeletal system include? |
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Definition
-bones and associated vessels
-nerves
-ligaments (bind bone to bone)
-articular cartilages of joints |
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Term
What is Wolfe's Law of Bone Classification? |
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Definition
all bones are built for the function they carry out
-ex: shape, length, width, etc. |
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Term
| Give examples of long bone |
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Definition
| femus, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals, clavicle, phalanges, radius |
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Term
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Definition
- longer than wide
-weight bearers
-thick compact bone, cancellous bone inside
-cancellous spreads weight throughout bone
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Term
| What is the function of articular cartilage? |
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Definition
| it reduces friction in movable joints |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bone forming membrane on outside of bone |
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Term
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Definition
| bone forming membrane inside |
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Term
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Definition
-contains more osteoblasts
-contains more osteocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Give examples of short bone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-cube-like
-thin compact bone over cancellous
-not made to bear extreme weight
-supports delicate appendages |
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Term
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Definition
-ribs
-scapula
-sternum
-cranial bones |
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Term
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Definition
-thin compact over cancellous
-big surfaces for muscle attachment and deep organ protection |
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Term
| examples of irregular bone |
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Definition
-facial bones
-vertebrae
-hyoid
-os coxae |
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Term
| properties of irregular bone |
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Definition
-thin compact over cancellous
-used for organ protection |
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Term
| examples of sesamoid bones |
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Definition
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Term
| properties of sesamoid bones |
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Definition
-kernal-like bones
-do not exist in every body (save for patella), some bodies have more than others
-no periosteum
-no repair
-adds support to joint |
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Term
| properties of sutural/wormian bones |
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Definition
-always in sutures
-flat bone bits caught in sutures of skull |
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Term
| two mechanisms to form bones |
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Definition
-calcification
-ossification |
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Term
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Definition
-inorganic step (Na+, Ca++, Phosphate)
-minerals deposited by cells called hydroxyapatite
-gives bone hardness/rigidity |
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Term
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Definition
-organic step
-"osteoid" substances made by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes
-lots of collagen and other fibers
-flexibility, toughness, and strength of bone
-vessels and nerves, fibers, proteoglycans (aka glycoproteins) are osteoid substances |
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Term
| Sites of original bone formation |
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Definition
-intramembranous ossification
-endochondral ossification |
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Term
| Properties of intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
-found in membranous bones or dermal bones
-in fetal fontanels - cranial bones
-some facial bones (mandible) |
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Term
| properties of endochondral ossification |
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Definition
-within hyaline cartilage
-cartilagenous or replacement bones
-continues until 17-21 years |
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Term
| Steps of endochondral ossification |
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Definition
-make periosteal bone collar
-cartilage deep to bone collar detoriates and dies due to lack of nutrients (solid bone doesn't allows diffusion)
-vessels accompanied by bone cells invade dead cartilage (forms concentric lamellar rings)
-ossification continues to invade cartilage around bone collar (forms diaphysis)
-secondary centers of ossification form at each end of cartilage to form epiphysis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the epiphysis made of? |
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Definition
| cancellous bone and red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| bone grows at the edges of bone |
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Term
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Definition
| invading bone tissue causes detoriating cartliage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| nutrients needed for bone development |
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Definition
-calcium
-phosphate
-sodium
-magnesium
-manganese
-Vitamin A, C, D |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-hematoma
-swelling
-bruise
-softening of bone near fracture
-callus formation |
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Term
| What is swelling a result of? |
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Definition
| inflammed edematous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| detoriating blood pigment (hemoglobin) |
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Term
| What is softening of the bone near a fracture due to? |
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Definition
| loss of vessels and death of osseous cells |
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Term
| When does callus formation begin? |
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Definition
| 2 to 4 weeks after a fracture |
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Term
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Definition
| realigning the fractured bone |
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Term
| Steps to callus formation |
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Definition
-innermost fibroblasts invade fracture -> osteoblasts -> cancellous bone forms
-cartilage forms around fracture to form splint
-periosteum reforms outermost
-endochondral ossification gradually kills cartilage to form new bone
-2-3 month required for total reformation
-remodeling |
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Term
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Definition
-osteoclasts resorb some excess bone
-osteoblasts and osteocytes reform areas where enough bone wasn't laid down |
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