Term
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Definition
Deposition of calcium salts, primarily hydroxyapatite, in a framework formed by collagen fibers in which the tissue hardens. Also called mineralization
-Bony |
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Term
| Bone tissue makes up about 18% of the weight of the human body. The skeletal system performs several basic functions: |
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Definition
1. Support. The skeleton serves as the structural framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for the tendons of most skeletal muscles.
2. Protection. The skeleton protects the most important internal organs from injury. For example, cranial bones protect the brain, vertebrae (backbones) protect the spinal cord, and the rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
3. Assistance in movement. Most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pull on bones to produce movement. This function is discussed in detail in Chapter 10.
4. Mineral homeostasis (storage and release). Bone tissue stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to the strength of bone. Bone tissue stores about 99% of the body's calcium. On demand, bone releases minerals into the blood to maintain critical mineral balances (homeostasis) and to distribute the minerals to other parts of the body.
5. Blood cell production. Within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis (hēm‐ō‐poy‐Ē‐sis; hemo‐ = blood; ‐poiesis = making). Red bone marrow consists of developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within a network of reticular fibers. It is present in developing bones of the fetus and in some adult bones, such as the hip (pelvic) bones, ribs, sternum (breastbone), vertebrae (backbones), skull, and ends of the bones of the humerus (arm bone) and femur (thigh bone). In a newborn, all bone marrow is red and is involved in hemopoiesis. With increasing age, much of the bone marrow changes from red to yellow. Blood cell production is considered in detail in Section 19.2.
6. Triglyceride storage. Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the bone's shaft or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| are the proximal and distal ends of the bone |
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Term
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Definition
| are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate (ep′‐i‐FIZ‐ē‐al), a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length (described later in the chapter). When a bone ceases to grow in length at about ages 18–21, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone; the resulting bony structure is known as the epiphyseal line. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone. Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints. Because articular cartilage lacks a perichondrium and lacks blood vessels, repair of damage is limited |
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Term
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Definition
| is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. It is composed of an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer that consists of cells. Some of the cells enable bone to grow in thickness, but not in length. The periosteum also protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons. |
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Term
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Definition
| or marrow cavity, is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults. This cavity minimizes the weight of the bone by reducing the dense bony material where it is least needed. The long bones' tubular design provides maximum strength with minimum weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of bone‐forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stem cell derived from mesenchyme that has mitotic potential and the ability to differentiate into an osteoblast. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell formed from an osteogenic cell that participates in bone formation by secreting some organic components and inorganic salts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mature bone cell that maintains the daily activities of bone tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell that breaks down bone by removing calcium. |
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Term
| osteoBlasts Build bone, while osteoClasts Carve out bone. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains few spaces (Figure 6.3a) and is the strongest form of bone tissue. It is found beneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones. Compact bone tissue provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic unit of structure in adult compact bone, consisting of a central (haversian) canal with its concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi. Also called a haversian (ha‐VER‐ shan) system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A minute passageway by means of which blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate into compact bone. Also called Volkmann's (FŌLK‐manz) canal. |
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Term
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Definition
| entire outer and inner circumference of the shaft of a long bone are lamellae |
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Term
| Describe how the skeleton is organized into axial and appendicular divisions. |
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Definition
| The adult human skeleton consists of 206 named bones, most of which are paired, with one member of each pair on the right and left sides of the body. The skeletons of infants and children have more than 206 bones because some of their bones (sacrum and coccyx) fuse later in life. Examples are the hip bones and some bones (sacrum and coccyx) of the vertebral column (backbone). |
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Term
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Definition
Bone structures parallel to the body's core; head, vertebrae.
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities or appendages), plus the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton. Functionally, the auditory ossicles in the middle ear, which vibrate in response to sound waves that strike the eardrum, are not part of either the axial or appendicular skeleton, but they are grouped with the axial skeleton for convenience |
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Term
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Definition
The Bones of the Adult Skeletal System
DIVISION OF THE SKELETON STRUCTURE NUMBER OF BONES
Axial skeleton Skull
Cranium 8
Face 14
Hyoid 1
Auditory ossicles 6
Vertebral column 26
Thorax
Sternum 1
Ribs 24
Number of bones = 80 |
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Term
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Definition
Appendicular skeleton Pectoral (shoulder) girdles
Clavicle 2
Scapula 2
Upper limbs
Humerus 2
Ulna 2
Radius 2
Carpals 16
Metacarpals 10
Phalanges 28
Pelvic (hip) girdle
Hip, pelvic, or coxal bone 2
Lower limbs
Femur 2
Patella 2
Fibula 2
Tibia 2
Tarsals 14
Metatarsals 10
Phalanges 28
Number of bones = 126
Total bones in an adult skeleton = 206 |
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Term
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Definition
| have greater length than width, consist of a shaft and a variable number of extremities or epiphyses (ends), and are slightly curved for strength |
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Term
| Which type of bone primarily provides protection and a large surface area for muscle attachment? |
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Definition
| Flat bones protect underlying organs and provide a large surface area for muscle attachment. |
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Term
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Definition
| somewhat cube‐shaped and are nearly equal in length and width. They consist of spongy bone tissue except at the surface, which has a thin layer of compact bone tissue. Examples of short bones are most carpal (wrist) bones and most tarsal (ankle) bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone that is generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone that has a complex shape and cannot be placed into the other bone shape categories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small bones usually found in tendons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small bone located within a suture between certain cranial bones. Also called Wormian |
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Term
| Describe the principal surface markings on bones and the functions of each. |
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Definition
Bones have characteristic surface markings, structural features adapted for specific functions.
wo major types of surface markings: (1) depressions and openings, which allow the passage of soft tissues (such as blood vessels, nerves, ligaments, and tendons) or form joints, and (2) processes, projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| groove, fold, or slit that may be normal or abnormal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass. |
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Term
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Definition
| A furrow or shallow depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow groove on the surface of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A passage or opening, especially the external portion of a canal. |
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Term
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Definition
| The skeleton of the head consisting of the cranial and facial bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| form the cranial cavity, which encloses and protects the brain. The eight cranial bones are the frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipital bone, the sphenoid bone, and the ethmoid bone |
|
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Term
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Definition
| form the face: two nasal bones, two maxillae (or maxillas), two zygomatic bones, the mandible, two lacrimal bones, two palatine bones, two inferior nasal conchae, and the vomer |
|
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Term
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Definition
| form the face: two nasal bones, two maxillae (or maxillas), two zygomatic bones, the mandible, two lacrimal bones, two palatine bones, two inferior nasal conchae, and the vomer |
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Term
| Which of the bones shown here are cranial bones? |
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Definition
| The frontal, parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, temporal, and occipital bones are all cranial bones. |
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Term
| What major bones are joined by (1) the squamous suture, (2) the lambdoid suture, and (3) the coronal suture? |
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Definition
| The parietal and temporal bones are joined by the squamous suture, the parietal and occipital bones are joined by the lambdoid suture, and the parietal and frontal bones are joined by the coronal suture. |
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Term
| Identify the location and surface features of the temporal bones. |
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Definition
| paired temporal bones form the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cranial bones are the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial bones are the nasal bones, maxillae, zygomatic bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae, mandible, and vomer. |
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Term
| With which bones does the temporal bone articulate? |
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Definition
| The temporal bone articulates with the mandible and the parietal, sphenoid, zygomatic, and occipital bones. |
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Term
| Which bones form the posterior, lateral portion of the cranium? |
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Definition
| The parietal bones form the posterior, lateral portion of the cranium |
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Term
| What organs of the nervous system join together within the foramen magnum? |
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Definition
| The medulla oblongata of the brain connects with the spinal cord in the foramen magnum. |
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Term
| Identify the location and surface features of the sphenoid bone. |
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Definition
| sphenoid bone (SFĒ‐noyd = wedge‐shaped) lies at the middle part of the base of the skull |
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Term
| Name the bones that articulate with the sphenoid bone, starting at the crista galli of the ethmoid bone and going in a clockwise direction |
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Definition
| From the crista galli of the ethmoid bone, the sphenoid articulates with the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, temporal, parietal, and frontal bones, ending again at the crista galli of the ethmoid bone. |
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Term
| Identify the location and surface features of the ethmoid bone. |
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Definition
| ethmoid bone (ETH‐moyd = like a sieve) is a delicate bone located in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits and is spongelike in appearance (Figure 7.9). It is anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to the nasal bones. |
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Term
| What part of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum? The medial walls of the orbits? |
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Definition
| The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum, and the lateral masses compose most of the medial walls of the orbits. |
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Term
| Identify the location and surface features of the following bones: nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer, maxillae, zygomatic, and mandible. |
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Definition
nasal bones are small, flattened, rectangular‐shaped bones that form the bridge of the nose
lacrimal bones (LAK‐ri‐mal; lacrim‐ = teardrops) are thin and roughly resemble a fingernail in size and shape (see Figures 7.3, 7.4b, and 7.12). These bones, the smallest bones of the face, are posterior and lateral to the nasal bones and form a part of the medial wall of each orbit.
L‐shaped palatine bones (PAL‐a‐tīn) form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and a small portion of the floors of the orbits. The posterior portion of the hard palate is formed by the horizontal plates of the palatine bones
two inferior nasal conchae, which are inferior to the middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone, are separate bones, not part of the ethmoid bone (see Figures 7.3 and 7.9a). These scroll‐like bones form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity and project into the nasal cavity. All three pairs of nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and help swirl and filter air before it passes into the lungs
vomer (VŌ‐mer = plowshare) is a roughly triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity that articulates superiorly with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and sphenoid bone and inferiorly with both the maxillae and palatine bones along the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| unite to form the upper jawbone. They articulate with every bone of the face except the mandible |
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Term
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Definition
| The anterior portion of the roof of the mouth, formed by the maxillae and palatine bones and lined by mucous membrane. |
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Term
| What is the distinctive functional feature of the mandible among all the skull bones? |
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Definition
| The mandible is the only movable skull bone, other than the auditory ossicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical partition composed of bone (perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer) and cartilage, covered with a mucous membrane, separating the nasal cavity into left and right sides. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bony, pyramidal‐shaped cavity of the skull that holds the eyeball. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Parts of the frontal and sphenoid bones comprise the roof of the orbit.
2. Parts of the zygomatic and sphenoid bones form the lateral wall of the orbit.
3. Parts of the maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine bones make up the floor of the orbit.
4. Parts of the maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones form the medial wall of the orbit. |
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Term
| Which seven bones form the orbit? |
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Definition
| Bones forming the orbit are the frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, and palatine. |
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Term
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Definition
| of the skull in the descriptions of the cranial and facial bones that they penetrate |
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Term
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Definition
| is an immovable joint in most cases in an adult skull that holds most skull bones together |
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Term
| Of the many sutures found in the skull, we will identify only four prominent ones |
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Definition
1. The coronal suture (KO‐rō‐nal; coron‐ = relating to the frontal or coronal plane) unites the frontal bone and both parietal bones (see Figure 7.4b).
2. The sagittal suture (SAJ‐i‐tal; sagitt‐ = arrow) unites the two parietal bones on the superior midline of the skull (see Figure 7.4a). The sagittal suture is so named because in the infant, before the bones of the skull are firmly united, the suture and the fontanels (soft spots) associated with it resemble an arrow.
3. The lambdoid suture (LAM‐doyd) unites the two parietal bones to the occipital bone. This suture is so named because of its resemblance to the capital Greek letter lambda (Λ), as can be seen in Figure 7.6 (with the help of a little imagination). Sutural bones may occur within the sagittal and lambdoid sutures.
4. The two squamous sutures (SKWĀ‐mus; squam‐ = flat, like the flat overlapping scales of a snake) unite the parietal and temporal bones on the lateral aspects of the skull (see Figure 7.4b). |
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Term
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Definition
| A mucus‐lined air cavity in a skull bone that communicates with the nasal cavity. Paranasal sinuses are located in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses? |
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Definition
| The paranasal sinuses produce mucus and serve as resonating chambers for vocalizations. |
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Term
| Which fontanel is bordered by four different skull bones? |
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Definition
| The paired anterolateral fontanels are bordered by four different skull bones: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones. |
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Term
| Describe the relationship of the hyoid bone to the skull. |
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Definition
| hyoid bone (= U‐shaped) is a unique component of the axial skeleton because it does not articulate with any other bone. |
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Term
| In what way is the hyoid bone different from all the other bones of the axial skeleton? |
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Definition
| The hyoid bone does not articulate with any other bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| The 26 vertebrae of an adult and 33 vertebrae of a child; encloses and protects the spinal cord and serves as a point of attachment for the ribs and back muscles. Also called the backbone, spine, or spinal column. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bony structures that comprise the vertebral column. |
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Term
| The total number of vertebrae during early development is 33. As a child grows, several vertebrae in the sacral and coccygeal regions fuse. As a result, the adult vertebral column typically contains 26 vertebrae (Figure 7.16a). These are distributed as follows: |
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Definition
• 7 cervical vertebrae (cervic‐ = neck) are in the neck region.
• 12 thoracic vertebrae (thorax = chest) are posterior to the thoracic cavity.
• 5 lumbar vertebrae (lumb‐ = loin) support the lower back.
• 1 sacrum (SĀ‐krum = sacred bone) consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.
• 1 coccyx (KOK‐siks = cuckoo, because the shape resembles the bill of a cuckoo bird) usually consists of four fused coccygeal vertebrae (kok‐SIJ‐ē‐al). |
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Term
| Which curves of the adult vertebral column are concave (relative to the anterior side of the body |
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Definition
| The thoracic and sacral curves of the vertebral column are concave relative to the anterior of the body. |
|
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Term
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Definition
| soft, elastic substance in the center of intervertebral discs. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the vertebral and intervertebral foramina? |
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Definition
| The vertebral foramina enclose the spinal cord; the intervertebral foramina provide spaces through which spinal nerves exit the vertebral column. |
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Term
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Definition
| The vertebra, exclusive of the vertebral arch. |
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Term
| Identify the location and surface features of the cervical vertebrae |
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Definition
| bodies of the cervical vertebrae (C1–C7) are smaller than all other vertebrae except those that form the coccyx |
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Term
| Which joint permits you to move your head to signify “no”? Which bones are involved? |
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Definition
| The atlas moving on the axis at the atlanto‐axial point permits movement of the head to signify “no.” |
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Term
| Identify the location and surface features of the thoracic vertebrae. |
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Definition
| Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12; Figure 7.19) are considerably larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae. In addition, the spinous processes on T1 through T10 are long, laterally flattened, and directed inferiorly. In contrast, the spinous processes on T11 and T12 are shorter, broader, and directed more posteriorly. Compared to cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae also have longer and larger transverse processes. They are easily identified by their costal facets (cost‐ = rib), which are articular surfaces for the ribs. |
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Term
| Which parts of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs? |
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Definition
| The facets and demifacets on the vertebral bodies of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the heads of the ribs, and the facets on the transverse processes of these vertebrae articulate with the tubercles of the ribs. |
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Term
| Identify the location and surface features of the lumbar vertebrae. |
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Definition
| Lumbar-Region of the back and side between the ribs and pelvis; loin. |
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Term
| Why are the lumbar vertebrae the largest and strongest in the vertebral column? |
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Definition
| The lumbar vertebrae are the largest and strongest in the body because the amount of weight supported by vertebrae increases toward the inferior end of the vertebral column. |
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Term
| Identify the location and surface features of the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae |
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Definition
| sacrum (SĀ‐krum) is a triangular bone formed by the union of five sacral vertebrae |
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Term
| How many foramina pierce the sacrum, and what is their function? |
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Definition
| There are four pairs of sacral foramina, for a total of eight. Each anterior sacral foramen joins a posterior sacral foramen at the intervertebral foramen. Nerves and blood vessels pass through these tunnels in the bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| like the sacrum, is triangular in shape. It is formed by the fusion of usually four coccygeal vertebrae, |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is a bony enclosure formed by the sternum, ribs and their costal cartilages |
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Term
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Definition
| breastbone, is a flat, narrow bone located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall that measures about 15 cm |
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Term
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Definition
| Twelve pairs of ribs, numbered 1–12 from superior to inferior, give structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity (Figure 7.22b). The ribs increase in length from the first through seventh, and then decrease in length to the twelfth rib. Each rib articulates posteriorly with its corresponding thoracic vertebra. |
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Term
| How does a rib articulate with a thoracic vertebra? |
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Definition
| The facet on the head of a rib fits into a facet on the body of a vertebra, and the articular part of the tubercle of a rib articulates with the facet of the transverse process of a vertebra. |
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Term
| The human body has two pectoral (PEK‐tō‐ral) or shoulder girdles |
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Definition
| that attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton (Figure 8.1). Each of the two pectoral girdles consists of a clavicle and a scapula. The clavicle is the anterior bone and articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint. The scapula articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint and with the humerus at the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint. The pectoral girdles do not articulate with the vertebral column and are held in position and stabilized by a group of large muscles that extend from the vertebral column and ribs to the scapula. |
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Term
| What is the function of the pectoral girdle? |
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Definition
| The pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
| or collarbone, lies horizontally across the anterior part of the thorax superior to the first rib |
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Term
| Which part of the clavicle is its weakest point? |
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Definition
| The weakest part of the clavicle is its midregion at the junction of the two curves. |
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Term
| Describe the location and surface features of the scapula |
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Definition
| Each scapula (SCAP‐ū‐la; plural is scapulae), or shoulder blade, is a large, triangular, flat bone situated in the superior part of the posterior thorax between the levels of the second and seventh ribs (Figure 8.3). |
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Term
| Which part of the scapula forms the high point of the shoulder? |
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Definition
| The acromion of the scapula forms the high point of the shoulder. |
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Term
| How many bones make up each upper limb |
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Definition
| Each upper limb has 30 bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each upper limb includes a humerus, an ulna, a radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges |
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Term
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Definition
| or arm bone, is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb (Figure 8.5). It articulates proximally with the scapula and distally with two bones, the ulna and the radius, to form the elbow joint. |
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Term
| Which parts of the humerus articulate with the radius at the elbow? With the ulna at the elbow? |
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Definition
| The radius articulates at the elbow with the capitulum and radial fossa of the humerus. The ulna articulates at the elbow with the trochlea, coronoid fossa, and olecranon fossa of the humerus. |
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Term
| Identify the location and surface landmarks of the ulna and radius |
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Definition
| The ulna is located on the medial aspect (the little‐finger side) of the forearm and is longer than the radius (Figure 8.6). You may find it convenient to use an aid called a mnemonic device (nē‐MON‐ik = memory) to learn new or unfamiliar information. |
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Term
| What part of the ulna is called the “elbow”? |
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Definition
| The olecranon is the “elbow” part of the ulna. |
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Term
| How many points of attachment are there between the radius and ulna? |
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Definition
| The radius and ulna form the proximal and distal radioulnar joints. Their shafts are also connected by the interosseous membrane. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is the smaller bone of the forearm and is located on the lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm (Figure 8.6a). In contrast to the ulna, the radius is narrow at its proximal end and widens at its distal end. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collective term for the eight bones of the wrist. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| eight bones of the wrist. |
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Term
| The carpals in the proximal row, from lateral to medial, are the |
|
Definition
scaphoid (SKAF‐oyd = boatlike)Some
• lunate (LOO‐nāt = moon‐shaped)Lovers
• triquetrum (trī‐KWĒ‐trum = three‐cornered) Try
• pisiform (PĪS‐i‐form = pea‐shaped). postions
The proximal row of carpals articulates with the distal ends of the ulna and radius to form the wrist joint. The carpals in the distal row, from lateral to medial, are the
• trapezium (tra‐PĒ‐zē‐um = four‐sided figure with no two sides parallel)
THAT
• trapezoid (TRAP‐e‐zoyd = four‐sided figure with two sides parallel)
THEY
• capitate (KAP‐i‐tāt = head‐shaped) CANNOT
• hamate (HAM‐āt = hooked). HANDLE |
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Term
| Which is the most frequently fractured wrist bone? |
|
Definition
| The scaphoid is the most frequently fractured wrist bone. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A collective term for the five bones that make up the palm. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| or bones of the digits, make up the distal part of the hand. There are 14 phalanges in the five digits of each hand and, like the metacarpals, the digits are numbered I to V (or 1–5), beginning with the thumb, from lateral to medial. |
|
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Term
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Definition
| The bone of a finger or toe. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The basinlike structure formed by the two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx. The expanded, proximal portion of the ureter, lying within the kidney and into which the major calyces open. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basinlike structure formed by the two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx. The expanded, proximal portion of the ureter, lying within the kidney and into which the major calyces open. |
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Term
| The hip bones unite anteriorly at a joint called the pubic symphysis (PŪ‐bik SIM‐fi‐sis). |
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Definition
| The hip bones unite anteriorly at a joint called the pubic symphysis (PŪ‐bik SIM‐fi‐sis). |
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Term
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Definition
| A slightly movable cartilaginous joint between the anterior surfaces of the hip bones. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the bony pelvis? |
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Definition
| The bony pelvis attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and supports the backbone and pelvic viscera. |
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Term
| Which part of the hip bone articulates with the femur? with the sacrum? |
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Definition
| The femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone; the sacrum articulates with the auricular surface of the hip bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest of the three components of the hip bone (Figure 8.10b), is composed of a superior ala (= wing) and an inferior body. The body is one of the components of the acetabulum, the socket for the head of the femur. The superior border of the ilium, the iliac crest, ends anteriorly in a blunt anterior superior iliac spine. Bruising of the anterior superior iliac spine and associated soft tissues, such as occurs in body contact sports, is called a hip pointer. Below this spine is the anterior inferior iliac spine. Posteriorly, the iliac crest ends in a sharp posterior superior iliac spine. Below this spine is the posterior inferior iliac spine. The spines serve as points of attachment for the tendons of the muscles of the trunk, hip, and thighs. Below the posterior inferior iliac spine is the greater sciatic notch (sī‐AT‐ik), through which the sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in the body, passes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone (Figure 8.10b, c), comprises a superior body and an inferior ramus (ram‐ = branch; plural is rami). The ramus is the portion of the ischium that fuses with the pubis. Features of the ischium include the prominent ischial spine, a lesser sciatic notch below the spine, and a rough and thickened ischial tuberosity. Because this prominent tuberosity is just deep to the skin, it commonly begins hurting after a relatively short time when you sit on a hard surface. Together, the ramus and the pubis surround the obturator foramen (OB‐too‐rā‐tōr; obtur‐ = closed up), the largest foramen in the skeleton. The foramen is so named because, even though blood vessels and nerves pass through it, it is nearly completely closed by the fibrous obturator membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| meaning pubic bone, is the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone (Figure 8.10b, c). A superior ramus, an inferior ramus, and a body between the rami make up the pubis. The anterior, superior border of the body is the pubic crest, and at its lateral end is a projection called the pubic tubercle. This tubercle is the beginning of a raised line, the pectineal line (pek‐TIN‐ē‐al), which extends superiorly and laterally along the superior ramus to merge with the arcuate line of the ilium. These lines, as you will see shortly, are important landmarks for distinguishing the superior (false) and inferior (true) portions of the bony pelvis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shown here is the female pelvis. For simplicity, in part (a) the landmarks of the pelvic brim are shown only on the left side of the body, and the outline of the pelvic brim is shown only on the right side. |
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Term
| What is the significance of the pelvic axis? |
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Definition
| The pelvic axis is the course taken by a baby's head as it descends through the pelvis during childbirth. |
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Term
| Compare the principal differences between female and male pelves. |
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Definition
| Generally, the bones of males are larger and heavier and possess larger surface markings than those of females of comparable age and physical stature. Sex‐related differences in the features of bones are readily apparent when comparing the adult female and male pelves. Most of the structural differences in the pelves are adaptations to the requirements of pregnancy and childbirth. The female's pelvis is wider and shallower than the male's. Consequently, there is more space in the true pelvis of the female, especially in the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet, to accommodate the passage of the infant's head at birth. |
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Term
| Identify the bones of the lower limb and their principal markings. |
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Definition
| lower limb (lower extremity) has 30 bones in four locations—(1) the femur in the thigh; (2) the patella (kneecap); (3) the tibia and fibula in the leg; and (4) the 7 tarsals in the tarsus (ankle), the 5 metatarsals in the metatarsus, and the 14 phalanges (bones of the digits) in the foot |
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Term
| How many bones make up each lower limb? |
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Definition
| Each lower limb has 30 bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| thigh bone, is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body (Figure 8.13). Its proximal end articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone. Its distal end articulates with the tibia and patella. The body (shaft) of the femur angles medially and, as a result, the knee joints are closer to the midline than the hip joints. This angle of the femoral shaft (angle of convergence) is greater in females because the female pelvis is broader. |
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Term
| Why is the angle of convergence of the femurs greater in females than males? |
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Definition
| The angle of convergence of the femurs is greater in females than males because the female pelvis is broader. |
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Term
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Definition
| kneecap, is a small, triangular bone located anterior to the knee joint |
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Term
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Definition
| shin bone, is the larger, medial, weight‐bearing bone of the leg (Figure 8.15). The term tibia means flute, because the tibial bones of birds were used in ancient times to make musical instruments. The tibia articulates at its proximal end with the femur and fibula, and at its distal end with the fibula and the talus bone of the ankle. The tibia and fibula, like the ulna and radius, are connected by an interosseous membrane. |
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Term
| Which leg bone bears the weight of the body? |
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Definition
| The tibia is the weight‐bearing bone of the leg. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collective term for the seven bones of the ankle. |
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Term
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Definition
| seven bones of the ankle. |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the posterior part of the foot |
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Term
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Definition
| calcaneus is the largest and strongest tarsal bone |
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Term
| anterior tarsal bones are the navicular |
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Definition
| three cuneiform bones called the third (lateral), second (intermediate), and first (medial) cuneiforms, and the cuboid |
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Term
| Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia and fibula? |
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Definition
| The talus is the only tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and the fibula. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collective term for the five bones located in the foot between the tarsals and the phalanges. |
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Term
| What structural feature of the arches allows them to absorb shocks? |
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Definition
| Because the arches are not rigid, they yield when weight is applied and spring back when weight is lifted, allowing them to absorb the shock of walking. |
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Term
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Definition
| The middle primary germ layer that gives rise to connective tissues, blood and blood vessels, and muscles. |
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