Term
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Definition
• Cancellous bone: light and “spongy” Tiny "spicules" of bone that appear randomly arranged
• Spaces between the spicules contain bone marrow
• Keeps bones light but strong
• Compact bone: dense and heavyShafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones
• Composed of haversian systems that run lengthwise with the bone
• Outer membrane called periosteum |
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Term
• BONES OF CRANIUM •
External bones |
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Definition
– Occipital bones (1)
– Interparietal bones (2)
– Parietal bones (2)
– Temporal bones (2)
– Frontal bones (2) |
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Term
| • CRANIUM Internal Bones: |
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Definition
– Ethmoid bone (1)
– Sphenoid bone (1) |
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Term
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Definition
Forms blood cells (hematopoietic)
Majority of the bone marrow of young animals
Only a small portion of the marrow of older animals
Confined to a few specific locations in older animals
Pelvis, sternum, ends of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
Consists primarily of adipose connective tissue (fat)
Most common type of marrow in adult animals
Can revert to red bone marrow if needed
Combat anemia |
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Term
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Definition
• Projections off a bone surface
• Name depends on location
• Examples:
– Spinous process of a vertebra
– Trochanter on the femur
– Tuberosity on the ischium
– Spine on the scapula
– Wing on the atlas |
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Term
| • Axial Skeleton – head and trunk (central axis area) |
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Definition
– Skull
– Hyoid bone
– Spinal column
– Ribs
– Sternum |
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Term
| Appendicular Skeleton – limbs (appendages |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Sometimes included with the cranial bones
Also called the hyoid apparatus
Composed of several portions of bone |
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Term
| External Bones of the Face |
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Definition
Incisive bones (2)
House upper incisors
Nasal bones (2)
Form bridge of nose
Maxillary bones (2)
Upper jaw teeth
Lacrimal bones (2)
Medial portion of orbit
Zygomatic bones (2)
Support eye orbit with temporal bone forming zygomatic arch |
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Term
| Internal Bones of the Face |
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Definition
Vomer bone (1)
Forms nasal septum
Turbinates (4)
Scroll-like bones filling nasal cavity
Pterygoid bones (2)
Lateral wall of pharynx
Palatine bones (2)
Caudal portion of hard palate on roof of the mouth
(Maxillary bone makes up the rostral portion of the hard palate
Separates mouth from nasal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Form cartilagenous joints |
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Term
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Definition
Vertebral arches
line up to form the
spinal canal
Vertebrae usually
contain several
processes
Spinous process
Transverse processes
Articular processes |
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Term
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Definition
C1- Atlas
C2- Axis
7 total cervical vertebrae in almost ALL mammals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| RIBS Costochondral junction: |
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Definition
area where costal
cartilage meets bony rib |
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Term
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Definition
No direct, bony connection to axial skeleton
Scapula
flat, triangular
Humerus
brachium or upper arm
Radius & Ulna
Antebrachium (elbow to carpus)
Carpal bones (carpus) – two rows
Metacarpal bones – distal to carpus
Phalanges - (singular-phalanx)
Phalanges= bones that make up the digits (toes) |
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Term
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Definition
Flat, triangular bone
Forms portion of the shoulder joint
Spine of the scapula: longitudinal ridge on lateral surface
Glenoid cavity: shallow, concave articular surface- forms socket for |
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Term
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Definition
Long bone of the
brachium
Forms portion of
the shoulder joint
and elbow joint
Tubercles: processes
where shoulder
muscles attach |
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Term
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Definition
Ball portion of shoulder joint
Condyles: articular
surfaces
Trochlea: articulates with ulna - medial
Capitulum: articulates with radius - lateral
Olecranon fossa: indentation above condyle
Epicondyles: non-articular |
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Term
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Definition
Olecranon process - Point of the elbow
Site for tendon attachment of triceps brachii muscle
Trochlear notch: concave articular surface
Anconeal process – tucks into olecrannon fossa
Coronoid processes - medial and lateral
Articulate with radius
Styloid process – articulates with carpus |
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Term
| Antebrachium – the Radius |
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Definition
Main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium
Proximal surface and facets articulate with humerus and ulna
Styloid process articulates with carpus |
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Term
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Definition
Two rows of carpal bones
Proximal row bones are named (radial carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, accessory carpal bone)
Distal row bones are numbered medial to lateral |
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Term
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Definition
Pelvis
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Femur (patella)
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones (tarsus/hock)
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges |
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Term
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Definition
3 fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Pelvic symphysis: cartilaginous joint between the two halves of the pelvis
Bones fuse to form acetabulum – deep socket for the hip joint |
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Term
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Definition
Long bone of the thigh
Proximal end forms
part of hip joint
Femoral head fits
deeply into acetabulum
of pelvis (ball & socket)
Trochanters: processes
where hip and thigh
muscles attach
Distal end forms stifle joint |
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Term
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Definition
Shaft extends downward
to form the stifle joint with patella & tibia
Articular surfaces:
2 condyles – medial and lateral
trochlea
Trochlea: articular groove containing the patella
Epicondyles
Non-articulating
Palpable landmarks |
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Term
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Definition
Largest sesamoid bone
Formed in the distal tendon of the large quadriceps femoris muscle
Protects the tendon to its insertion on tibial crest |
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Term
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Definition
Two small sesamoid bones in proximal gastrocnemius (calf) muscle tendons of dogs and cats
Not present in cattle or horses |
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Term
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Definition
Main weight-bearing bone of lower limb
Forms the stifle joint with the femur, the hock with the tarsus
Tibial tuberosity – attaches patella
Forward facing point of tibial condyles at proximal articulation |
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Term
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Definition
Parallel to tibia
Not weight-bearing
Serves as a muscle attachment site
Lateral malleolus: knob-like process distal end |
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Term
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Definition
Hock (ankle)
2 rows of tarsal bones
Proximal row is named; distal row is numbered medial to lateral
Calcaneal tuberosity: point of attachment for the tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle on fibular tarsal bone |
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Term
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Definition
Dogs & cats: four metatarsal bones (II to V)
Horses: one large metatarsal bone (cannon bone) and two small metatarsal bones (the splint bones) |
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Term
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Definition
Bones that form in organs
Examples
os cordis: in heart of cattle and sheep
os penis: in penis of dogs, beaver, raccoons, and walruses
os rostri: in nose of swine |
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Term
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Definition
Terms “arthro” and “articular” refer to joints
Three general classifications:
Fibrous joints: immovable
Cartilaginous joints: slightly movable
Synovial joints: freely movable |
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Term
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Definition
United by fibrous
tissue
Examples: sutures
of skull, splint bones
of horses |
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Term
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Definition
Amphiarthroses
Capable of slight rocking movement
Examples: mandibular symphysis, pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks |
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Term
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Definition
Diarthroses
Components
Articular surfaces on bones
Articular cartilage (hyaline) covering articular surfaces
Fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a joint capsule
Synovial membrane produces
Synovial fluid- a lubricant
Ligaments - fibrous connective tissue
Join bones to bones |
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Term
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Definition
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Rotation
Circumduction |
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Term
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Definition
Flexion and Extension
Opposite movements
Increase or decrease the angle between two bones |
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Term
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Definition
Rotation
Twisting movement of a part on its own axis
Circumduction
Movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle |
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Term
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Definition
Hinge joints
Gliding joints
Pivot joints
Ball-and-socket joints |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Arthrodial joints
Rocking motion of one joint surface on the other
Primarily capable of flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction possible
Example: carpus |
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Term
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Definition
Trochoid joints
One bone pivots
(rotates) on another
Only capable of
rotation
Example: the
atlantoaxial joint
vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
Both are firm bands of connective tissue
Tendons join muscles to bones
Ligaments join bones to bones
Ex: Stifle joint has several ligaments supporting the joint
Medial and lateral collateral
Cranial and caudal cruciate
Subject to tearing – common injury in dogs and human athletes |
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Term
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Definition
Named because they looked like sesame seeds when first discovered
Bones imbedded within tendons to help strengthen them as they pass through areas of high stress
Patella is largest sesamoid
Racehorses susceptible to fractures in sesamoids |
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