Term
| What components make up the organic tissue found in bone? |
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Definition
Collagen
GAGS (protein & polysaccharide ground substance)
Chondroitin sulfate |
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Term
| What is the importance of chondroitin sulfate? |
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Definition
| provides resistance to compression in day to day activities |
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Term
| What is the role of organic tissue in bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What components make up the inorganic matter found in bone? |
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Definition
Calcium Phytate
CaCO3
Magnesium Phosphate |
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Term
| What is the role of inorganic salts in bone? |
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Definition
-hardness
-rigidity
-give resistance to xrays |
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Term
| How does treating a bone with acid affect bone structure? |
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Definition
-decalcifices it, removing the inorganic salts
-lose regidity, becomes very flexible |
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Term
| How does treating a bone with high heat affect bone structure? |
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Definition
| removes the organic tissue, the bone will still appear the same but would fall apart to the touch |
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Term
| What is the ratio of the primary constituents of the mineral content of bone? |
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Definition
| Calcium & Phosphorous in a 2:1 ratio |
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Term
| What is the primary component of organic matter in bone? |
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Definition
| collagen embedded in GAGS |
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Term
| What is the composition of water, mineral content & organic matter in bone? |
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Definition
Water: 25%
Minerals: 45%
OM: 30% |
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Term
True or False
Bone is the hardest tissue in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| What organs does the skull protect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the vertebral column protect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of bone? |
|
Definition
protection
skeletal framework
a lever for locomotion/work
mineral storage
blood formation |
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Term
| How much calcium does a hen deposit into an egg shell? Where does this calcium come from? |
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Definition
2 grams per day
1g from diet, 1g from medullary bone |
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Term
| What cells synthesize bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the process of bone synthesize carried out by osteoblasts |
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Definition
1. Osteoblast is tapped in the lacunae
2. Secrete a soft flexible matrix made up of collagen & GAGS
3. Add hydroxyapatite crystals to harden the matrix via ossification |
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Term
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Definition
| soft, flexible matrix produced by osteoblasts which will be hardened to form bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do osteocytes have contact with each other? |
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Definition
| cytoplasmic extensions which pass through fine tubes called canaliculi, which allow for diffusion to remove waste products |
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Term
|
Definition
Spongy Bone
Bone found in the extremities of long bones, filled with bony spicules and trabeculae (spines & plates) |
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Term
| What is the function of cancellous bone |
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Definition
| Handles strains & stresses exerted by muscles & shock absorption from other bones, muscles & gravity |
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Term
| What are the 2 characteristics of cancellous bone? |
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Definition
| very light weight, very strong |
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Term
| Describe the difference in red marrow between cancellous bone & compact bone |
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Definition
Cancellous: red marrow is enclosed, does not change as the animal ages
Compact: red marrow is converted to yellow marrow as the animal ages |
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Term
| What is the primary source for synthesis of RBCs? |
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Definition
| red marrow in the ribs & sternum |
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Term
| Where is compact bone found? |
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Definition
| in the shafts of long bones, and the outer layer of all bones |
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Term
| Describe the structure of compact bone |
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Definition
-tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bone called osteons
-osteon are made up of a central canal with blood vessels, lymph vessels & nerves |
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Term
| How do osteocytes contact each other? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of long bone? |
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Definition
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphyseal plate
articular cartilage
endosteum
periosteum |
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Term
| What is the epiphysis, what is it made of and what is the function? |
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Definition
the extremeties of long bone
-made of spongy/cancellous bone
-provide lightness, strength & act as shock absorbers & levels |
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Term
| What is the diaphysis, what is it made of and where is it found? |
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Definition
the shaft, found between the epiphyses
contains marrow
this is where the bone can increase in diameter, important for calcium storage in layer hens |
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Term
| What is the growth plate also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the epiphyseal plate composed of, and where is it found? |
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Definition
| a layer of hyaline cartilage, between tje epiphyses & the shaft |
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Term
| Where does the bone increase in length? In diameter? |
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Definition
Length: growth plate
Diameter: diaphysis |
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Term
| Where is articular cartilage found? |
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Definition
| on the surface of compact bone, where it will come into contact with another bone to form a joint |
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Term
| Where is the endosteum found? |
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Definition
| lining all surfaces facing the medullary cavity |
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Term
| What are the 2 layers of the periosteum? |
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Definition
outer layer: fibrous connective tissue
inner layer: osteoblasts |
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Term
| What is the endosteum made of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Endosteum & periosteum are never found in the same location |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the periosteum found? |
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Definition
| covering all bones except joint surfaces |
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Term
True or False
The inner layer of the periosteum is inactive in adults |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the periosteum? |
|
Definition
increase shafts & diameter
heal fractures |
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Term
| What is the function of yellow marrow? |
|
Definition
-stores fat
-has potential to revert back to red marrow if needed |
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Term
| What is the most common type of bone marrow? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does longissimus dorsi end in cattle? |
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Definition
| at the anterior face of the ilium |
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Term
| What are osteoclasts derived from? |
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Definition
| stem cells in the bone marrow & spleen |
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Term
| The tarsus & carpus examples of what type of bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| The femur is an example of what type of bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| The scapula is an example of what type of bone |
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Definition
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Term
| The ribs & pelvis are examples of what type of bone? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where is the largest sesamoid bone found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vertebrae are an example of what type of bone? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 5 types of bones? |
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Definition
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Sesamoid bones
Irregular bones |
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Term
| What is cartilage synthesized from? |
|
Definition
| chondrocytes derived from the mesoderm |
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Term
| What is the starting point for the synthesis of bone |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 3 types of cartilage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cartilage is costal cartilage |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the role of elastic cartilage? Give an example of where elastic cartilage would be found |
|
Definition
to provide shape, structure & flexibility
inner ear, epiglottis, larynx |
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Term
| What is the role of fibro cartilage |
|
Definition
| to provide semielastic cushion e.g. intervertebral discs of the spine |
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Term
| What makes cartilage different from bone? |
|
Definition
-softer
-more flexible & resilient
-not as good at regneration |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of bone formation? |
|
Definition
heteroplastic
endochondral
intramembranosus |
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|
Term
| Where does heteroplastic bone formation take place? |
|
Definition
non-skeletal sites
e.g. os penis, os cordis, os rostri |
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Term
| What is intramembranosus ossification? Give an example of a bone formed in this way |
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Definition
synthesis of membrane bone directly within the fibrous membrane
e.g. skull, face, mandible, clavicle |
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Term
| What is endochondral ossification? Give an example of a bone formed in this way |
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Definition
development of bone from a cartilage template in utero & after birth
e.g. all long bones |
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Term
| During postnatal growth, where do cartilage cells create new cartilage |
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Definition
| On the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate |
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Term
| During postnatal growth, where do osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone? |
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Definition
| on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate |
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Term
| What is the role of osteoclasts in bone growth? |
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Definition
| to destroy bone lining the medullary cavity of a joint, to make room for the growing bone |
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Term
| What happens to chondrocytes when bones reach full size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
turnover of bone structure
a combination of osteoblatic & osteoclastic activities to change shape & size of bones |
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Term
| What hormone increases release of calcium from storage depots in bone? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
When parathyroid hormone is active, will the activity of the following increase or decreases
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes |
|
Definition
Osteoblasts: decrease
Osteoclasts: increase
Osteocytes: increase |
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|
Term
| What vitamin regulates supply of calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substance prevents hypercalcemia (excess calcium in the blood) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Once mesenchymal cells have migrated to wherever cartilage/bone is going to form, what happens? |
|
Definition
If capillaries are NOT present, the cells become chondrocytes, will eventually form cartilage
If capillaries are present, the cells becomes osteoblasts to form bone via intramembranosus or endochronal ossification |
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