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| IPSILATERAL vs CONTRALATERAL |
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| 2 cavities that appear first in embryo development |
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POSTERIOR/DORSAL - cranial cavity and vetrebral canal
ANTERIOR/VENTRAL - all other cavities with serous membranes; THORACIC (pleura and pericardium), ABDOMINOPELVIC (peritoneum) |
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| 3 components of negative feedback |
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| sensor, control center and effetor |
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| 4 elements that make up 90% of body |
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| attraction of oppositely charged ions; steal electrons from each other to make 8 electrons in each outer ring when bonded as one molecule |
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| atoms share electrons instead of losing or gaining them |
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| molecule is polarized because electrons spend more time on on part of molecule, e.g. WATER |
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| are weak b/t H+ and a negatively charged molecule/atom |
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| Chemical properties of water |
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| polarization and H bonds makes good solvent for other polar molecules; high specific heat capacity makes for good isulator; flows freely helping transport stuff. |
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| HYDROPHILIC/HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES |
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| water loving, will break up in water, are polarized; water hating, will not break up, are non-polar |
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| water has high shc, making it a good insulator |
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| Acids dissociate in water releasing H+ ions; bases dissociate either releasing OH- or taking up H+ |
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| take up H+ or OH- ions; most important are carbonic acid and bicarbonate |
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| Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) |
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Definition
composed ofnucleotides, which are phosphate + pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) + nitrogeneous base; are 4 kinds: A T C G
RNA usually single stranded, DNA double
Bases always pair T with A and G with C |
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| molecules for greatest energy storage |
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| carbon-hydrogen chains ending in COOH+ acidic group |
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| have a phosphate group in place of third fatty acid; polar with hydrophilic head; backbone of cell membranes; forms spontaneous bilayer |
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| are lipids but with very different structure; precursor is cholesterol; e.g. steroid hormones like testosterone and estrogen |
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| are 20, 9 essential; differ only at the "R group" part of molecule; are polar and bonded by weak peptide/hydrogen bond; b/c of this, when form peptides, will bend and fold a lot |
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| the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell |
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is a high-energy nucleotide
primary energy source
acquired by breakdown of glucose, etc |
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| inside nucleus where ribosomes are formed, contains concentration of chromatin and RNA |
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protein production
either free in cytoplasm that produced proteins for within cell; or on the ER producing proteins for excretion |
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| nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosome, vesicles; all work together to form and secrete proteins |
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| forms vesicles of protein and lopids to transport to other parts of the cell; is rough (proteins) and smooth (proteins and phospholipids) |
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| receives vesicles from ER (proteins and lipids) and modifies them with enzymes, forms more vesicles wither for in the cell or for secretion; some vesicles formed are lysosomes |
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| like lysosomes but destroy toxins, liver and kidney have many; also break down fatty acids |
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| isolate/encapsulate junk for later lyses |
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| inner folded membrane of mitochondria; where proteins that convert ADP to ATP line up for energy |
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| anchors the organelles, involved in mitosis |
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| are tracks for organelle movement esp during cell division |
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| in the centrosome (whatever that is) helps from spindle; a single one is anchor for cilium and flagellum; located in the cytoploasm |
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| facilitated uses protein carrier to moves from high to low concentration,but no ATP needed as with active transport |
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| Types of passive movement across cell membranes |
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| simples diffusion, opsmosis, filtration, facilitated diffusion |
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| Types of active transport |
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| Active using protein pumps to move molecules across membranes; ENDOCYTOSIS (into cell; phago and pinocytosis); EXOCYTOSIS (of hormones, etc) |
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| HYPERTONIC/HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS |
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| Hypertonic solution has high osmotic pressure, pulling in water; Hypotonic solution loses water becuase solute is low. These are relavant to eachother |
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| shrinkage of RBCS, e,g, surrounding fluid is hypertonic, pulling water from cell |
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| water doesn't move across membranes by osmosis because tonicities are the same; water is NOT isotonic to cells b/c has no electrolytes (can be toxic if no solutes) |
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| from too much water, diluting extracellular fluids which forces water into cells, lysing them; to cure, need more salt to give water solute |
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1. Interphase -- cell getting ready to divide, 3 parts - G1 (growth, organells double, still regular functions), S (synthesis or replaction of DNA) and G2 (transcription and translation of proteins for division).
2. Mitotic stage - M stage - 2 parts: mitosis and cytokinesis; MITOSIS has 4 parts (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase); CYTOKINESIS is the actual division |
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R/L Hypochondriac
R/L Lumbar
R/L Iliac
Epigastric, umbilical and hypogastric |
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Fats and oils; Phoshpholipids; Steroids
In general, fats don't dissolve in water b/c not polar (except phospholipids have a polar end) |
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NUCLEOLUS in the nucleus, contains most chromatin (disorganized DNA) and RNA; forms ribosomes
RIBOSOMES form proteins
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM -- rough has ribosomes to make proteins for export, smooth without ribosome makes lipids/steroids; both transport via vesicles |
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