Term
Which of the following is NOT a source of genetic variation crucial in evolution?
a. Mutation within a gene
b. Mutation within the promoter of a gene
c. Exon shuffling
d. Horizontal gene gransfer
e. All of the above are sources of genetic variation |
|
Definition
| e. All of the above are sources of genetic variation |
|
|
Term
Many mutations are accumulated in an organism over time. Of those mutations, the only mutations that are passed on to the next generation are those that occur in a ____________.
a. Somatic cell
b. Germ cell
c. Embryonic stem cell
d. Tumor cell
e. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nucleotide point mutations that lead to no change in the amino acid sequence of any protein are known as silent, selectively neutral mutations and accumulate in the genome of a species over evolutionary time
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The two globin genes, α- and β-globin, that make up the hemoglobin molecule are a result of:
a. Gene duplication
b. Horizontal transfer
c. Gene mutation
d. A and B
e. A and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Given the following phylogenetic tree (pictured to the right), the arrow points in the direction of:
a. Increasing time before present
b. Decreasing time before present
c. Percentage nucleotide substitution
d. A and C
e. B and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In our human ancestors, the enzyme lactase, which allows us to digest the milk sugar lactose, was produced only during infancy. Today, a portion of the adult population can digest lactose while other adults remain lactose intolerant. Which adults have point mutations in the regulatory DNA of their lactase genes?
a. Those who are lactose intolerant
b. Those who can digest lactose |
|
Definition
| b. Those who can digest lactose |
|
|
Term
Most of the genetic variation in the human genome takes what form?
a. Single nucleotide polymorphisms
b. DNA duplications or deletions
c. Chromosomal rearrangements
d. Exon shuffling
e. Intron shuffling |
|
Definition
| a. Single nucleotide polymorphisms |
|
|
Term
The human genome consists of approximately 3.2 x 109 nucleotide pairs, and only a few percent of that DNA codes for protein and for structural, regulatory, and catalytic RNAs.
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An organism can produce far more proteins than it has genes. This is in part due to the ability of cells to produce a range of related but distinct proteins from a single gene via unique RNA transcripts in a process called _______________________.
a. Alternative transcription
b. Alternative translation
c. Exon shuffling
d. Alternative splicing
e. Single nucleotide polymorphism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements regarding restriction nucleases (restriction enzymes) is NOT true?
a. Restriction nucleases provide a bacterial defense mechanism against foreign DNA
b. Restriction nucleases cleave specific protein sequences typically between 4-8 residues
c. Restriction nucleases typically recognize and cleave palindromic sequences
d. A longer restriction nuclease target sequence is less likely to occur by random chance
e. All of the above are true |
|
Definition
| b. Restriction nucleases cleave specific protein sequences typically between 4-8 residues |
|
|
Term
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA based on ________ whereby _______________________________.
a. Fragment size; the smaller the molecule the faster the migration.
b. Fragment size; the larger the molecule the faster the migration
c. Fragment sequence; the higher G/C content the faster the migration
d. Fragment sequence; the higher A/T content the faster the migration
e. None of the above is correct. |
|
Definition
| a. Fragment size; the smaller the molecule the faster the migration. |
|
|
Term
Because DNA is negatively charged, DNA fragments migrate toward a positive electrode.
a. True
b. False – DNA is positively charged and migrates toward a negative electrode
c. False – DNA is negatively charged and migrates toward a negative electrode
d. False – DNA migration requires the addition of SDS, an anionic surfactant, allowing DNA to
migrate toward a positive charge
e. False – DNA migration requires the addition of SDS, a cationic surfactant, allowing DNA to
migrate toward a negative charge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following enzymes allows scientists to join together two DNA fragments?
a. DNA polymerase
b. DNA ligase
c. Restriction nuclease
d. DNA helicase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A DNA fragment, such as a vector, can be replicated inside _____________, and the process of introducing the fragment into the cell is a process called ___________________.
a. Mammalian cells; Transformation
b. Mammalian cells; Recombination
c. Bacterial cells; Transformation
d. Bacterial cells; Recombination
e. None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A bacterial plasmid that contains a viral promoter and a mammalian gene is an example of recombinant DNA.
a. True
b. False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Suppose two DNA fragments were cut by different restriction nucleases that recognize different target sequences but generate the same single-stranded overhang (―sticky-ends‖)—an example, BamHI and BglII, is shown. Which is true of the resulting DNA fragments?
a. The two fragments can NOT be ligated together
b. The two fragments can be ligated together, and the resulting, ligated DNA can be cut by either
restriction nuclease
c. The two fragments can be ligated, and the resulting ligated DNA can be cut by only one of the
original restriction nucleases
d. The two fragments can be ligated, and the resulting, ligated DNA is not recognized by either restriction nuclease |
|
Definition
| d. The two fragments can be ligated, and the resulting, ligated DNA is not recognized by either restriction nuclease |
|
|
Term
The process of making DNA from messenger RNA is known as ______________ and the result is a ______________________.
a. Reverse transcription; messenger DNA library
b. Reverse transcription; complementary DNA library
c. Reverse translation; messenger DNA library
d. Reverse translation; complementary DNA library
e. None of the above |
|
Definition
| b. Reverse transcription; complementary DNA library |
|
|
Term
The difference between cDNA and genomic DNA is:
a. cDNA lacks exons
b. cDNA lacks introns
c. cDNA is tissue specific while genomic DNA is the same in every tissue
d. A and C
e. B and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The correct sequence of steps in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is ____________________, and, assuming you start with one double-stranded DNA molecule, after N cycles the number of double-stranded DNA molecules is ______.
a. Denaturation Primer hybridization DNA synthesis; N^2
b. Denaturation DNA synthesis Primer hybridization; N^2
c. Denaturation DNA synthesis Primer hybridization; 2^N
d. Denaturation Primer hybridization DNA synthesis; 2^N
e. None of the above |
|
Definition
| d. Denaturation Primer hybridization DNA synthesis; 2^N |
|
|
Term
In the dideoxy method of sequencing DNA, if the ratio of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dATP, dTTP, dCTP, dGTP) to dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (ddATP, ddTTP, ddCTP, ddGTP) is increased:
a. The strand polymerization terminates more frequently
b. The strand polymerization terminates less frequently
c. These conditions are favorable for determining short nucleotide sequences
d. A and C
e. B and C |
|
Definition
| b. The strand polymerization terminates less frequently |
|
|
