Term
RNA and DNA differ in their chemical structure. Which of the following is true?
a. RNA and DNA differ in their sugar group
b. RNA and DNA differ in their phosphate group
c. RNA and DNA differ in their bases
d. RNA and DNA differ in their phosphodiester bond
e. A and C are true
f. B and D are true |
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Definition
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Term
Pictured to the right is a nucleic acid, which nucleic acid is this?
a. 5’, 2’ RNA
b. 5’, 2’ DNA
c. 5’, 3’ RNA
d. 5’, 3’ DNA e. The DNA/RNA designation depends only on the “BASE” groups |
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Definition
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Term
RNA, as opposed to DNA, can fold into complex three-dimensional structures because it is single-stranded.
a. True
b. False |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
a. pRNAs code for proteins
b. rRNAs form the core of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis
c. tRNAs serve as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis
d. miRNAs (or microRNAs) regulate gene expression
e. All of the above are true |
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Definition
| a. pRNAs code for proteins |
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Term
In eucaryotes, what must assemble at a promoter before RNA polymerase can transcribe a gene?
a. Nucleotides required in transcription
b. General transcription factors
c. Sigma factor
d. An RNA primer
e. A and D |
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Definition
| b. General transcription factors |
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Term
The assembly of general transcription factors to a eucaryotic promoter begins at what site in a promoter?
a. The assembly box
b. The TATA box
c. The GAGA box
d. The TFIID box
e. None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
In a eukaryotic gene, coding regions are known as _______ and non-coding regions are known as ________.
a. Exons; introns; prokaryotic genes have similar organization of coding regions
b. Introns; exons; prokaryotic genes have similar organization of coding regions
c. Exons; introns; prokaryotic genes do not contain introns
d. Introns; exons; prokaryotic genes do not contain introns |
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Definition
| c. Exons; introns; prokaryotic genes do not contain introns |
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Term
The three nucleotide codon can be arranged into ______ combinations, and ___________________________.
a. 4^3 = 64; each combination codes for a unique amino acid
b. 4^3 = 64; due to redundancy in the code, there are only 20 amino acids
c. 34 = 81; each combination codes for a unique amino acid
d. 34 = 81; due to redundancy in the code, there are only 20 amino acids
e. None of the above are true |
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Definition
| b. 4^3 = 64; due to redundancy in the code, there are only 20 amino acids |
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Term
Of the total mRNA that is synthesized, only a small fraction—the mature mRNA—is useful to the cell. The cell distinguishes between mature mRNA molecules and debris RNA molecules generated by RNA processing using RNA binding proteins (such as poly-A-binding brotein and cap-binding protein) that allow the mRNA to be transported out of the nucleus and into the cytosol.
a. True
b. False |
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Definition
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Term
The structure of the ribosome, which is made up of greater than 50% RNA by mass, confirms that the RNAs (not the proteins) are responsible for the structure and catalytic activity. Therefore the ribosome is actually a __________________.
a. RNAzyme
b. Protozyme
c. Ribozyme
d. Enzonucleic acid
e. None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Within the ribosome, the formation of peptide bonds is catalyzed by:
a. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
b. The tRNA itself.
c. An RNA molecule in the large ribosomal subunit.
d. A peptidase in the small ribosomal subunit. |
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Definition
| c. An RNA molecule in the large ribosomal subunit. |
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Term
During translation at the ribosome, peptide bond formation forms when the N-terminal (upstream) tRNA is in the __________ and the C-terminal (downstream) tRNA is in the __________.
a. E-site; A-site
b. P-site; E-site
c. E-site; P-site
d. A-site; P-site
e. P-site; A-site |
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Definition
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Term
Discovered in the polio virus in 1988, the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) is described as “distinct regions of RNA molecules that are able to attract the eukaryotic ribosome therefore allowing translation,” similar to those found in prokaryotic RNAs. In an experiment within eukaryotic cells, what advantage does the IRES yield?
a. Translation of a single mRNA molecule yielding many copies of the same protein
b. Translation of a single mRNA molecule yielding copies of several different proteins
c. Translation of multiple different RNA molecules yielding many copies of the same protein
d. Translation of multiple different RNA molecules yielding copies of several different proteins |
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Definition
| b. Translation of a single mRNA molecule yielding copies of several different proteins |
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Term
Which of the following mutational changes would be most harmful to an organism?
a. Removal of a single nucleotide near the end of the coding sequence
b. Removal of a single nucleotide within an intron at the beginning of the sequence
c. Deletion of three consecutive nucleotides in the middle of the coding sequence
d. Removal of a single nucleotide near the beginning of the coding sequence
e. Substitution of one nucleotide for another in the middle of the coding sequence |
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Definition
| d. Removal of a single nucleotide near the beginning of the coding sequence |
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Term
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the differences between liver cells and kidney cells in the same organism?
a. They contain the same genes, but express them differently.
b. They contain different genes.
c. They contain different sets of proteins.
d. They contain different sets of RNAs
e. B and D |
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Definition
| b. They contain different genes. |
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Term
Although all of the steps involved in expressing a gene can in principle be regulated, for most genes the most important point of control is:
a. Transcription initiation
b. RNA processing
c. RNA transport and localization
d. mRNA degradation
e. mRNA translation |
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Definition
| a. Transcription initiation |
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Term
Which of the following is false?
a. Eucaryotic gene activator proteins stimulate transcription initiation by recruiting proteins that modify
chromatin structure.
b. Eucaryotic gene activator proteins stimulate transcription initiation by aiding in the assembly of
general transcription factors and RNA polymerase at the promoter.
c. Eucaryotic gene activator proteins stimulate transcription initiation by recruiting a DNA polymerase to the promoter.
d. Eukaryotic gene activator proteins, such as transcription regulators, bind either upstream or downstream of the gene itself
e. All of the above are true |
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Definition
| c. Eucaryotic gene activator proteins stimulate transcription initiation by recruiting a DNA polymerase to the promoter. |
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Term
DNA methylation is a ____________________, and the transmission from parent to daughter cell of the methylated pattern of DNA that effect protein expression without altering the DNA base pair sequence is known as ___________________________.
a. Post-transcriptional control mechanism; single nucleotide polymorphism
b. Post-transcriptional control mechanism; epigenetic inheritance
c. Post-translational control mechanism; single nucleotide polymorphism
d. Post-translational control mechanism; epigenetic polymorphism
e. Transcriptional control mechanism; single nucleotide polymorphism
f. Transcriptional control mechanism; epigenetic inheritance |
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Definition
| f. Transcriptional control mechanism; epigenetic inheritance |
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Term
What type of molecule triggers RNA interference (RNAi)?
a. Foreign, single-stranded DNA
b. Foreign, double-stranded DNA
c. Foreign DNA-RNA hybrids
d. All of the above |
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Definition
| b. Foreign, double-stranded DNA |
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Term
What is a riboswitch?
a. A small molecule that regulates the translation of specific mRNAs.
b. A gene regulatory protein that turns on the expression of ribosomal proteins.
c. An mRNA that can regulate its own transcription and translation.
d. RNAi that targets the ribosome
e. None of the above |
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Definition
| c. An mRNA that can regulate its own transcription and translation. |
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