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Average volume of blood in body |
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• 5 liters
• 8% body weight |
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• 4.5 - 5.5 • Thicker than H2O |
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• Transportation • Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance • Protection |
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1. plasma 2. Formed Elements |
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• 55% of total blood • Contains water and dissolved solutes Na - major solute of plasma in terms of concentration. Ex. of other solutes - salts, ions, organic molecules, hormones, enzymes and antibodies |
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3 types of plasma proteins |
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Definition
- Albumins
- Globulin
- Fibrinogen
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| (54% of plasma proteins) smallest in size. Produced by liver and provides osmotic pressure needed to draw water from surrounding fluid to capillaries. |
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Globulins - 38% 3 types. 1. Alpha 2. beta 3. gamma |
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| produced in liver and transports lipids; and fat soluble vitamins in blood |
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function the same as alpha.
produced in liver and transports lipids; and fat |
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| antibodies produced by lymphocytes; function in immunity. |
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(7% of protein content) made in liver and converted to insoluble threads of fibrin when blood clots. |
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1. Erythrocytes 2. Leukocytes 3. Thrombocytes |
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Flattened, biconcave disc about 8 um in diameter Lack nucleus and mitochondria - Circulating lifespan of 120 days - Each erythrocyte contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules - Destroyed by phagocytic cells in liver, spleen, and bone marrow - Can not reproduce in blood stream - Males have 4.6 to 6.2 million cells per mm |
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- Contain nuclei and mitochondria - Move in ameboid fashion and can leave closed circulatory system - Function to combat microbes - Have 5,000 - 10,000 per mm |
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Leukocytes Classified according to stained appearance |
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Definition
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| have granules in cytoplasm and oddly shaped nuclei are produced in red bone marrow from hemocytoblast. |
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2-4% of circulating leukocytes, stain pink and have deep red course granules in cytoplasm. Are 10-14um. |
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less than 1% of circulating leukocytes, blue staining granules in cytoplasm - similar to eosinophils in size and shape. 8-10um. |
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most abundant, 60 - 70% of leukocytes, lobed nucleus made of 2-5 parts, most active phagocytes. 10-12 um. Staining is neutral and only a few granules in cytoplasm. |
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no granules, nuclei are usually spherical. Lymphocytes Monocytes Thrombocytes |
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2nd most numerous, small cells with round nuclei and little cytoplasm. Makes 20 - 25% of white blood cells and may live for years. Functions in immunity and antibody production. |
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largest of leukocytes, have kidney or horse-shoe shaped nuclei, live several weeks or months and are most active agranulaar phagocytes. Makes 3-8% of white blood cells. |
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(platelets) smallest of formed elements. Fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes found in bone marrow. 2-4 um in diameter Lack nuclei Capable of ameboid movement Blood contains 250,000 - 400,000 per/mm3 Destroyed by spleen and liver after 5-9 days Play important role in blood clotting. |
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Blood formations occurs in 2 classes of tissue |
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Definition
1. Myeloid tissue 2. Lymphoid tissue |
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Definition
red bone marrow of humeri, femora, ribs, sternum, pelvis and portions of skull that produce erythrocytes, both granular and agranular leukocytes and platelets. |
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includes tissue of lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and tonsils. Produce agranular leukocytes |
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| white blood cell formation. |
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Definition
| abnormal increase in erythrocytes. |
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| abnormal low count in erythrocytes |
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| elevated leukocyte count. |
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| large number of immature leukocytes in blood sample. |
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Mechanisms to Prevent Blood Loss from Damaged Vessels |
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Definition
1. Blood vessel spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation |
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| platelets stick to exposed ends of damaged vessels and adhere to collagen in connective tissue to each other to form the platelet plug. |
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Definition
| clot formation. Whether blood coagulates depends on ratio of coagulants to anticoagulants. Plasma proteins activate the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin |
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Definition
Extrinsic clotting
Intrinsic clotting |
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Definition
| triggered by release of chemical substances from broken blood vessels or damaged tissue: |
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Definition
| stimulated by contact with foreign surfaces in absence of tissue damage. Ex., cholesterol-containing masses - plaque. |
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Term
Steps in either extrinsic or instrinsic clotting. |
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Definition
l. formation of prothrombin activator
2. changing prothrombin to thrombin
3. changing fibrinogen to fibrin |
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Extrinsic clotting is a simplier process than intrinsic clotting. What is the major difference? |
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Definition
| the steps necessary to form prothrombin activator. Notice that Calcium is needed for each step in clot formation. |
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Vitamin K is necessary to make what? |
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| plasma minus clotting factors. |
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| clot which forms in unbroken vessel. |
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| clot carried with blood flow. |
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Definition
| embolus lodged in vessel that cuts off circulation. |
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Factors that Inhibit Clot Formation |
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Definition
• Smooth lining of vessel • Negative charge of blood vessel lining • Fibrin threads absorb thrombin • Anti-thrombin in plasma-interferes with action of thrombin • Heparin from mast cells and basophils - interferes with prothrombin activator |
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Blood Types is determined by |
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Definition
| by the type of glycolipids located on the cell membrane |
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| erythrocytes manufacture only agglutinogen A. |
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| erythrocytes manufacture only agglutinogen B. |
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| erythrocytes manufacture both aggulinogen A and B. |
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| erythrocytes manufacture neither aggulinogen A or B. |
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| clumping of red cells following transfusion reaction. |
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| antigen - substance that promotes formation of antibodies. |
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| antibodies formed by plasma |
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| agglutinogen on surface of red blood cell. |
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